How do you help students who are struggling with reading comprehension?

I make sure they have a solid phonics foundation. Then, I make sure they ask themselves questions about the text, as they are reading. I do a follow-up quiz.

What strategies have you found to be most successful when you start to work with a student?

Give a diagnostic test. Then work hard to fill in the gaps. Be aware of state minimum academic requirements, and work to surpass them.