# Complex Analysis : Elementary Functions

## Example Questions

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### Example Question #1 : Elementary Functions

What does  equal?

Explanation:

### Example Question #1 : Elementary Functions

What does  equal?

Explanation:

The first solution method uses Euler's formula.

The second solution uses the complex unit circle. It begins in the same manner.

Just as was done in Trigonometry, you swing an angle  from the positive axis.  In this case  is  , and the radius is one.  An angle of  degrees starting from the positive  axis will land you at  on the negative  axis. The value for .   It is worth mentioning that the complex unit circle has at each point two components. At the angle  equal , the  component is  and the  component is . Thus...

Also, the notation can be a little confusing it seems as if at one point  and at another point . and also at one point , and at another point .  This is because there are two .

and

### Example Question #2 : Elementary Functions

Find all values of  such that...

Explanation:

Again we can use Euler's formula or the complex unit circle.

The trick here is to realize that  ,where  is real of course, cannot be negative.

thus we have the following. . Thus we have the two

equations below.

now the top equation above has a real part and an imaginary part.  Since  is real we set it equal to the real part. we now have the two equations below.

These two equations can be solved with pre-calculus and trigonometry skills.

now if your familiar with  then you know it is a periodic function.

is not the only solution to

any angle co-terminal with  is also a solution.  Thus for the final answer we have...

we could have solved it a lot quicker if we used the complex unit circle to solve

### Example Question #31 : Complex Analysis

Use the complex unit circle to find the value of

Explanation:

If you know how to use the trigonometric unit circle to find a trig value then

you already in a way know how to find the answer to any .  The only

difference with the complex unit circle is that they  component is imaginary.

So to find the answer of  you just move counter clockwise from the

positive  axis by    and take that value. which in this case is .

It is worth noting that every point on the complex unit circle has two

components, a real and imaginary part.  At   the (real part) is zero, and

the  (imaginary) is .

### Example Question #1 : Elementary Functions

If  is pure imaginary what restriction is placed on ?

hint: where is the only place(s) on the complex unit circle where  is pure imaginary and what is the angle(s) that put you there.

Explanation:

the  or imaginary axis is the only place where  is pure imaginary.

The angles that put you there are

,

and those angles that are co-terminal with them.

Thus....

Now the picture i posted with this problem was the best i could find.

The  the picture refers to are only those  on the complex unit circle.

The answer to the question needs  to be any point on the complex

plane. we want the entire  (complex) axis in our solution.

above my  is not the same  as in the picture.  The  part in the line just

above causes the complex point to move up or down the  (complex) axis to

infinity etc. thus the whole  axis.

For    and its co-terminal angles and  in the interval

the positive imaginary axis is covered.  For  and its co-terminal

angles and  in the interval  the negative imaginary axis is

covered. Thus the final solution is below.

### Example Question #1 : Elementary Functions

Use the complex unit circle to solve the fourth roots of unity.  In other words solve the equation below for all . Choose the best answer since other answers may be partially correct.

Explanation:

First replace the  in the above equation with .

The  is included since the circle is periodic and multiples of  are

co-terminal with .

Now take the fourth root of both sides of the equation.

now simplify...

by inspection of the equation above we can see that the solutions are given by

multiples of .  In other words we take the complex unit circle and start

at the  axis and move counter clockwise by angle increments of .

This forms the picture below.

As seen above the picture forms a square with the starting vertex at .

This shape is not an accident.  For example the cube roots of unity form an

equilateral triangle with starting vertex at .

Below are the solutions to the cube roots of unity. One can recognize those

values from the  triangle.

This technique is a quick way to find many of the lower number roots of unity.

It is a good approach for the visual learner. Any nth root of unity will form a

regular n-gon inscribed in the unit circle with the starting vertex at .

For more complex root equations, one would start in the same way but use

Euler's equation to finish the problem.

Finally, the reason I did not choose

as the correct answer is that it produces infinite and duplicate answers which

can be boiled down to just

### Example Question #1 : Elementary Functions

Solve the above equation for all values of .

Explanation:

first we get the right hand side of the equation into exponential form.

thus we now have...

and

the first half of the above equations implies .

the second equation implies  but we must be careful.

should make you think of the complex unit circle, and it is periodic.

we can wheel around by  from  and be co-terminal with

infinitely many times. Thus

so the final solution is...

### Example Question #1 : Elementary Functions

where in the complex plane does the above function satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

It satisfies the CR equations on the real line of the complex plane.

In other words the  axis or

.

It satisfies the CR equations at:

It satisfies the CR equations everywhere on the complex plane.

It does not satisfy the CR equations at any point on the complex plane.

It satisfies the CR equations at:

It does not satisfy the CR equations at any point on the complex plane.

Explanation:

first we have to take the above equation and split it into its real and imaginary

parts.

Now we take the partial derivatives of and .

If you are not already familiar here are the CR equations below.

and

by substitution we get the following system of equations.

now lets simplify....

can never equal zero so we can divide by it on both sides of both equations

without accidentally dividing by zero.

Further  can be any real and this division still holds.  The point being in our

solution  can be any real.

sometimes sine and cosine can be zero so we cannot divide by them on both

sides.  We can collect the like terms and set the equations equal to zero.

and like the  the twos divide away.

Now we have established  can be any real. Now we just need a  or more

than one  or infinitely many  values that can solve that system.

Unfortunately there does not exist any  that can simultaneously solve that

system.

Thus for every  on the complex plane the CR equations are not satisfied.

Every point on the complex plane has an  component and a  component in

the form  or in other words . That  cannot satisfy the

CR equations if the  part does not satisfy the CR equations.

Thus the function does not satisfy the CR equations on any point in the

complex plane.

### Example Question #1 : Elementary Functions

Where in the complex plane does the above function satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

the CR equations are satisfied by this function only at:

In other words only on the  axis that is the real line.

Everywhere.  In other words the function satisfies the CR equations on the whole complex plane.

Nowhere. In other words there is not even one point on the complex plane where this function satisfies the CR equations.

The CR equations are only satisfied at the origin.

In other words at  on the complex plane.

The CR equations are only satisfied at:

.

In other words only at the pure imaginary axis.

Everywhere.  In other words the function satisfies the CR equations on the whole complex plane.

Explanation:

The first task is to split the function into its real and imaginary parts.

The step above is algebra.

The step above is using Euler's formula.

now that we have and  we take the partial derivatives. The product rule is used to take the derivatives.

then with algebra the above partial derivative of U will simplify. The rest of the partials are done in similar manner i will list the rest in their final simplified form.

The CR equations are below.

and

By inspection of the above partials, one can see that the equations are identical.

Thus like when you have:

the equations are true for all  and .

Thus the CR equations are satisfied for the whole complex plane.

### Example Question #1 : Elementary Functions

What is the magnitude of the expression below.

Explanation:

Once again this can be finished with either Euler's formula or the complex unit circle.

should by now in this practice test remind you of the complex unit circle.  The radius is the magnitude of every point on that circle. So for any  or in this case any ...

thus....

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