# Calculus 2 : Integrals

## Example Questions

### Example Question #931 : Integrals

Evaluate:

Explanation:

Substitute . Then  and .

The bounds of integration become

and

.

The integral can be rewritten as

### Example Question #932 : Integrals

Evaluate:

Explanation:

, so the integral can be rewritten as

.

Substitute , so  and .

Also, the bounds of integration become

and

.

The integral can be rewritten as

### Example Question #932 : Integrals

Give the indefinite integral:

Explanation:

Substitute .

Then ; also,  and .

We can rewrite this:

Note the absorption of  into the constant.

Now, since ,

and

.

.

### Example Question #933 : Integrals

Determine the indefinite integral:

Explanation:

The integrand can be rewritten using the method of partial fractions.

For some ,

Therefore,

It can be quickly seen that , and

.

The integral can be rewritten as

Substitute . Then , and the expression becomes

Note the absorption of the two constants in the third-to-last step.

### Example Question #1 : Solving Integrals By Substitution

Solve the following integral.

Explanation:

To solve this problem we need to use u-substitution. The key to knowing that is by noticing that we have both an  and an  term, and that hypothetically if we could take the derivate of the  term it could cancel out the  term. Let's take a closer look.

Let's choose our  in this problem to be . We would need to calculate the  term since we're switching from the x variable to the u variable.

Let's take a look back at the orginal problem and begin to make substitutions.

Notice here that the x's will cancel out, leaving us with an integral with entirely the u variable.

This is a nice simple integral that results in

. Now all we need to do is replace that u with the original variable.

### Example Question #1 : Solving Integrals By Substitution

Evaluate:

Explanation:

The problem  is a U-substitution question. The term  might not be easily seen, but the  term must equal to .

Factor the denominator by taking  as the common factor.

Rewrite the integral.

Resubstitute .

### Example Question #3 : Solving Integrals By Substitution

What is

Explanation:

Although the integral may look tough, we see a possible relationship between the polynomial of the exponential and the polynomial in front of the exponential.

Let's make our

Now let's see the original integral to make the substitutions.

.

At first sight it may seem that nothing cancels out, but at a closer look we can see that the  term can actually be simplified to , which can now cancel with the denominator.

is our new integral, which simply leads to

. Now substitute u for what we had earlier.

### Example Question #4 : Solving Integrals By Substitution

Solve:

Explanation:

To evaluate , use U-substitution.

Let , which also means .  Take the derivative and find .

Rewrite the integral in terms of  and , and separate into two integrals.

Evaluate the two integrals.

Re-substitute .

Pull out the common factor .

### Example Question #5 : Solving Integrals By Substitution

Solve the following integral:

.

Explanation:

In order to solve this, we must use -substitution.

Because , we should let  so the  can cancel out.

We can now change our integral to .

We know that , so , which means .

We can substitue that in for  in the integral to get .

The  can cancel to get .

The limits of the integral have been left off because the integral is now with respect to , so the limits have changed. This integral can now be solved using the power rule

which will give you .

Now we can substitute  back in for  to get . We can bring back our limits now and evaluate because we're in terms of  again, which is what our original limits were with respect to.

TIP: whenever doing -substitution, don't use the limits until you're in terms of the original variable.

### Example Question #1 : Solving Integrals By Substitution

Solve the following integral.

Explanation:

Here, we can use u-substitution. We'll set  and we'll factor out the  outside the integral.

Now let's calculate

And solve for dx.

.

Plugging these values into the integral we now get

.

We now see that the 's cancel out and we're left with an integral entirely with u.

.

We just need to replace u with its original value, doing so results in our final solution.