Advanced Placement Practice Tests

Topics

• AP Art History

  • 2D Art

    • Ancient Through Medieval 2D Art

      • Ancient Grecian and Roman 2D Art+3 topics

        • Understanding terminology that describes Ancient Grecian and Roman 2D art

        • Identifying artists, works, or schools of Ancient Grecian and Roman 2D art

        • Answering other questions about Ancient Grecian and Roman 2D art

      • Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval 2D Art+4 topics

        • Analyzing Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval 2D art

        • Understanding terminology that describes Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval 2D art

        • Identifying artists, works, or schools of Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval 2D art

        • Answering other questions about Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval 2D art

      • Romanesque 2D Art+3 topics

        • Understanding terminology that describes Romanesque 2D art

        • Identifying artists, works, or schools of Romanesque 2D art

        • Answering other questions about Romanesque 2D art

      • Gothic 2D Art+3 topics

        • Understanding terminology that describes Gothic 2D art

        • Identifying artists, works, or schools of Gothic 2D art

        • Answering other questions about Gothic 2D art

    • Renaissance to Contemporary 2D Art

      • Fourteenth- Through Sixteenth-Century 2D Art+4 topics

        • Analyzing fourteenth- through sixteenth-century 2D art

        • Understanding terminology that describes fourteenth- through sixteenth-century 2D art

        • Identifying artists, works, or schools of fourteenth- through sixteenth-century 2D art

        • Answering other questions about fourteenth- through sixteenth-century 2D art

      • Nineteenth Century 2D Art+4 topics

        • Analyzing nineteenth-century 2D art

        • Understanding terminology that describes nineteenth-century 2D art

        • Identifying artists, works, or schools of nineteenth-century 2D art

        • Answering other questions about nineteenth-century 2D art

      • Twentieth and Twenty-First-Century 2D Art+4 topics

        • Analyzing twentieth- and twenty-first-century 2D art

        • Understanding terminology that describes twentieth and twenty-first-century 2D art

        • Identifying artists, works, or schools of twentieth- and twenty-first-century 2D art

        • Answering other questions about twentieth-century 2D art

      • Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century 2D Art+4 topics

        • Analyzing seventeenth- and eighteenth-century 2D art

        • Understanding terminology that describes seventeenth- and eighteenth-century 2D art

        • Identifying artists, works, or schools of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century 2D art

        • Answering other questions about seventeenth- and eighteenth-century 2D art

    • 2D Art Beyond European Artistic Traditions

      • 2D Art of the Americas+2 topics

        • Identifying artists, works, or schools of 2D art of the Americas

        • Answering other questions about 2D art of the Americas

      • Asian 2D Art+4 topics

        • Analyzing Asian 2D art

        • Understanding terminology that describes Asian 2D art

        • Identifying artists, works, or schools of Asian 2D art

        • Answering other questions about Asian 2D art

      • 2D Art in Global Islamic Traditions+4 topics

        • Analyzing 2D art in global Islamic traditions

        • Understanding terminology that describes 2D art in global Islamic traditions

        • Identifying artists, works, or schools of 2D art in global Islamic traditions

        • Answering other questions about 2D art in global Islamic traditions

  • 3D Art

    • Sculpture

      • Ancient Through Medieval Sculpture+9 topics

        • Ancient Grecian and Roman Sculpture+4 topics

          • Analyzing Ancient Grecian and Roman sculpture

          • Understanding terminology that describes Ancient Grecian and Roman sculpture

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of Ancient Grecian and Roman sculpture

          • Answering other questions about Ancient Grecian and Roman sculpture

        • Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval Sculpture+3 topics

          • Analyzing Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval sculpture

          • Understanding terminology that describes Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval sculpture

          • Answering other questions about Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval sculpture

      • Renaissance to Contemporary Sculpture+14 topics

        • Fourteenth- Through Sixteenth-Century Sculpture+3 topics

          • Analyzing fourteenth- through sixteenth-century sculpture

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of fourteenth- through sixteenth-century sculpture

          • Answering other questions about fourteenth- through sixteenth-century sculpture

        • Seventeenth- and Eighteenth Century Sculpture+1 topic

          • Understanding terminology that describes seventeenth- and eighteenth-century sculpture

        • Nineteenth-Century Sculpture+2 topics

          • Understanding terminology that describes nineteenth-century sculpture

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of nineteenth-century sculpture

        • Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Sculpture+4 topics

          • Analyzing twentieth- and twenty-first-century sculpture

          • Understanding terminology that describes twentieth- and twenty-first-century sculpture

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of twentieth- and twenty-first-century sculpture

          • Answering other questions about twentieth- and twenty-first-century sculpture

      • Sculpture Beyond European Artistic Traditions+10 topics

        • African Sculpture+3 topics

          • Analyzing African sculpture

          • Understanding terminology that describes African sculpture

          • Answering other questions about African sculpture

        • Sculpture of the Americas+1 topic

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of sculpture of the Americas

        • Asian Sculpture+1 topic

          • Answering other questions about Asian sculpture

        • Oceanian Sculpture+1 topic

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of Oceanian sculpture

    • Architecture

      • Ancient Through Medieval Architecture+16 topics

        • Ancient Greek and Roman Architecture+4 topics

          • Analyzing Ancient Greek and Roman architecture

          • Understanding terminology that describes Ancient Greek and Roman architecture

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of Ancient Greek and Roman architecture

          • Answering other questions about Ancient Greek and Roman architecture

        • Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval Architecture+2 topics

          • Analyzing Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval Architecture

          • Understanding terminology that describes Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval architecture

        • Romanesque Architecture+2 topics

          • Understanding terminology that describes Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Medieval architecture

          • Answering other questions about Romanesque architecture

        • Gothic Architecture+4 topics

          • Analyzing Gothic architecture

          • Understanding terminology that describes Gothic architecture

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of Gothic architecture

          • Answering other questions about Gothic architecture

      • Renaissance to Contemporary Architecture+17 topics

        • Fourteenth- Through Sixteenth-Century Architecture+3 topics

          • Analyzing fourteenth- through sixteenth-century architecture

          • Understanding terminology that describes fourteenth- through sixteenth-century architecture

          • Answering other questions about fourteenth- through sixteenth-century architecture

        • Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Architecture+3 topics

          • Analyzing seventeenth- and eighteenth-century architecture

          • Understanding terminology that describes seventeenth- and eighteenth-century architecture

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century architecture

        • Nineteenth-Century Architecture+4 topics

          • Analyzing nineteenth-century architecture

          • Understanding terminology that describes nineteenth-century architecture

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of nineteenth-century architecture

          • Answering other questions about nineteenth-century architecture

        • Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Architecture+3 topics

          • Analyzing twentieth- and twenty-first-century architecture

          • Understanding terminology that describes twentieth- and twenty-first-century architecture

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of twentieth- and twenty-first-century architecture

      • Architecture Beyond European Artistic Traditions+13 topics

        • African Architecture+1 topic

          • Answering other questions about African architecture

        • Architecture of the Americas+3 topics

          • Understanding terminology that describes architecture of the Americas

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of architecture of the Americas

          • Answering other questions about architecture of the Americas

        • Near Eastern Architecture+3 topics

          • Understanding terminology that describes Near Eastern architecture

          • Identifying artists, works, or schools of Near Eastern architecture

          • Answering other questions about Near Eastern architecture

        • Architecture in global Islamic traditions+2 topics

          • Understanding terminology that describes architecture in global Islamic traditions

          • Answering other questions about architecture in global Islamic traditions

• AP Biology

  • Biochemical Concepts

    • Water and Carbon

      • Understanding Essential Properties of Water

      • Understanding Essential Properties of Carbon

    • Macromolecules

      • Understanding Proteins

      • Understanding Carbohydrates

      • Understanding Lipids

      • Understanding Nucleic Acids

      • Identify structure and purpose of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

  • Cellular Biology

    • Cell Structures

      • Understanding Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Differences

      • Understanding the Cell Membrane

      • Understanding Other Cell Structures

      • Understand endosymbiotic theory

      • Understand functions of organelles in the cell

      • Identify how molecules move into and out of cells

    • Cell Functions

      • Cellular Respiration+5 topics

        • Understanding Glycolysis

        • Understanding the Citric Acid Cycle

        • Understanding the Electron Transport Chain

        • Understand pyruvate decarboxylation

        • Understand aerobic respiration

      • Cellular Division+4 topics

        • Understanding the Cell Cycle

        • Understanding Mitosis

        • Understanding Meiosis

        • Apply 3 laws of inheritance to meiosis

    • Cellular Communications and Junctions

      • Understanding Types of Cellular Communication

      • Understanding Types of Cellular Junctions

      • Understand types of signaling, receptors, and signaling molecules

    • Types of Cells and Tissues

      • Understanding Epithelial and Endothelial Cells

      • Understanding Muscle Cells

      • Understanding Neural Cells

      • Understanding Connective Tissue

  • DNA, RNA, and Proteins

    • DNA Repair and Replication

      • Understanding DNA Repair

      • Understanding DNA Replication

    • DNA and RNA Structure

      • Understanding Differences Between DNA and RNA

      • Understanding the Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

      • Understanding Nucleotides and Base Pairs

    • Transcription

      • Understanding Transcription Processes

      • Understanding Transcription Proteins

      • Understanding Post-Transcription Modification

      • Understanding Prokaryotic Differences

      • Understand regulation of transcription

    • Translation

      • Understanding Translation Processes

      • Understanding Ribosomes, tRNA, and Anti-codons

    • Proteins

      • Understanding Protein Folding and Structure

      • Understanding Protein Functions

      • Understanding Amino Acids

  • Plant Biology

    • Plant Evolution

      • Understanding the Water-Land Transition

      • Understanding Other Plant Evolution

    • Classes of Plant

      • Understanding Vascular and Avascular Plants

      • Understanding Angiosperms

    • Plant Structures

      • Cellular Structures+2 topics

        • Understanding Chloroplasts

        • Understanding Other Plant Cell Structures

      • Macrostructures+4 topics

        • Understanding Leaves

        • Understanding Seeds, Flowers, and Fruits

        • Understanding Xylem and Phloem

        • Understanding Other Plant Macrostructures

    • Plant Functions

      • Understanding Water and Nutrient Transport

      • Understanding Plant Reproduction

      • Understanding Other Plant Functions

      • Understanding Photosynthesis, Light Reactions, and Calvin Cycle

    • Photosynthesis

      • Understand light independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

      • Understand light dependent reactions

      • Understand inputs and outputs, purpose

  • Microorganisms and Viruses

    • Understanding Classifications

    • Understanding Bacteria

    • Understanding Protista

    • Understanding Fungi

    • Understanding Viruses and Prions

  • Systems Physiology

    • Digestive System

      • Digestive Anatomy+2 topics

        • Understanding the Upper Digestive Tract: Mouth to Stomach

        • Understanding the Lower Digestive tract: Small Intestine to Rectum

      • Digestive Physiology+3 topics

        • Understanding Stomach Enzymes and Cell Types

        • Understanding Emulsification

        • Understanding Other Digestive Physiology

    • Respiratory System

      • Respiratory Anatomy+2 topics

        • Understanding Alveoli

        • Understanding Other Respiratory Anatomy

      • Respiratory Physiology+3 topics

        • Understanding Pressure Differentials

        • Understanding Gas Exchange

        • Understanding Other Respiratory Physiology

    • Circulatory System

      • Circulatory Anatomy+2 topics

        • Understanding Vasculature

        • Understanding Heart Anatomy

      • Circulatory Physiology+7 topics

        • Vascular Physiology+3 topics

          • Understanding Hemoglobin and Transport

          • Understanding Osmotic and Oncotic Pressure

          • Understanding Other Vascular Physiology

        • Cardiac Physiology+2 topics

          • Understanding Electrical Stimulation in the Heart

          • Understanding Other Cardiac Physiology

    • Excretory System

      • Excretory Anatomy+2 topics

        • Understanding Kidney and Nephron Anatomy

        • Understanding Other Excretory Anatomy

      • Excretory Physiology+3 topics

        • Understanding Nephron Physiology and Ion Reabsorption

        • Understanding Water Balance

        • Understanding Other Excretory Physiology

    • Immune System

      • Understanding the Innate Immune Response

      • Understanding the Adaptive Immune Response

      • Understanding Cell Types

      • Understanding Immunoglobulins

      • Understanding Antibodies and Antigens

      • Understanding Other Immune System Components

    • Reproductive System

      • Reproductive Anatomy+1 topic

        • Understanding Internal Anatomy

      • Reproductive Physiology+3 topics

        • Understanding Embryogenesis and Development

        • Understanding Gametogenesis

        • Understanding Other Reproductive Physiology

    • Nervous System

      • Neural Anatomy+3 topics

        • Understanding Neurons

        • Understanding the Spinal Cord

        • Understanding the Brain and Brain Structures

      • Neural Physiology+5 topics

        • Understanding Afferent and Efferent Neurons

        • Understanding Reflexes

        • Understanding Action Potentials

        • Understanding Neurotransmitters

        • Understanding Other Neural Physiology

      • Divisions of the Nervous System+3 topics

        • Understanding the Central and Peripheral Divisions

        • Understanding the Autonomic and Somatic Divisions

        • Understanding the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

    • Endocrine System

      • Understanding the Pituitary and Hypothalamus

      • Understanding Hormones

      • Understanding Glands

  • Evolution and Genetics

    • Theorists and Evidence

      • Understanding Lamarck

      • Understanding Darwin

      • Understanding Mendel

      • Understanding Other Theorists

      • Understanding Fossil Evidence

      • Understanding Structural Evidence

      • Understanding Other Evidence

    • Phylogenetics

      • Understanding Building Phylogenies

      • Understanding Diagrams

    • Natural Selection

      • Understanding Types of Selection

      • Understanding Biological Fitness

    • Speciation

      • Understanding Sympatric and Allopatric Speciation

      • Understanding Reproductive Barriers

    • Population Genetics

      • Understanding Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions and Calculations

      • Understanding Genetic Drift, Bottleneck Effect, and Founder Effect

      • Understand causes of genetic variation

    • Inheritance

      • Understanding Autosomal and Sex-Linked Inheritance

      • Understanding Dominant and Recessive Traits

      • Understanding Co-dominance and Partial Dominance

      • Understand epistasis

      • Understand co-dominance

      • Understand incomplete dominance

    • Identify evolutionary change mechanisms

    • Draw and interpret phylogenetic trees

  • Ecology

    • Understanding Ecosystems

    • Understanding Food Webs

    • Understanding Eco-Chemical Cycles

    • Understand biodiversity

    • Understand organisms' energy use

    • Understand trophic levels and flow of energy

    • Understand population growth

    • Understand differences between primary and secondary succession

  • Cellular energetics

    • Understand ATP coupling

    • Understand structure and importance of ATP

  • Determine relationships of living organisms

  • Use the taxonomic classification system

  • Understand basic chemistry

  • Enzymes

    • Understand competitive and noncompetitive inhibition

    • Understand the effect of environment of the enzyme

    • Understand enzyme structure and purpose

    • Understand different models of enzyme function

  • Central dogma

    • Understand mutations that can arise

    • Understand steps of transcription

    • Understand steps of replication

  • Biomes

• AP Calculus AB

  • Functions, Graphs, and Limits

    • Asymptotic and Unbounded Behavior

      • Asymptotic behavior in terms of limits involving infinity

  • Integrals

    • Techniques of antidifferentiation

      • Antiderivatives by substitution of variables

  • Derivatives

    • Concept of the Derivative

      • Relationship between differentiability and continuity

    • Computation of the Derivative

      • Chain rule and implicit differentiation

      • Derivative rules for sums, products, and quotients of functions

    • Second Derivatives

      • Points of inflection

• AP Calculus BC

  • Functions, Graphs, and Limits

    • Limits

      • Estimating Limits from Graphs and Tables

    • Asymptotic and Unbounded Behavior

      • Comparing Relative Magnitudes (exponential growth,logarithmic growth, polynomial growth)

    • Continuity

      • Continuity in Terms of Limits

    • Parametric, Polar, and Vector Functions

      • Parametric Form

      • Polar Form

      • Vector Form

  • Derivatives

    • Derivative at a Point

      • Instantaneous Rate of Change, Average Rate of Change, and Linear Approximation

      • Derivative Defined as Limit of Difference Quotient

    • Derivative as a Function

      • Finding Maximums

      • The Mean Value Theorem

    • Second Derivatives

      • Concavity

      • Inflection Points

    • Applications of Derivatives

      • Velocity, Speed, Acceleration

      • Euler's Method and L'Hopital's Rule

    • Computation of Derivatives

      • Rules of Basic Functions: Power, Exponential Rule, Logarithmic, Trigonometric, and Inverse Trigonometric

      • Derivative Rules for Sums, Products, and Quotients

      • Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

      • Derivatives of Parametric, Polar, and Vector Functions

  • Integrals

    • Application of Integrals

      • Initial Conditions

      • Volume of Cross Sections and Area of Region

      • Length of Curve, Distance traveled, Accumulated Change, Motion of Curve

    • Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and Techniques of Antidifferentiation

      • Fundamental Theorem of Calculus with Definite Integrals

      • Improper Integrals

      • Substitution of Variables (by parts and simple partial fractions)

    • Numerical Approximations to Definite Integrals

      • Riemann Sum: Left Evaluation

      • Riemann Sum: Right Evaluation

      • Riemann Sum: Midpoint Evaluation

      • Trapezoidal Sums

  • Polynomial Approximations and Series

    • Series of Constants

      • Geometric Series

      • Alternating Series with Error Bound

      • P-Series

      • Ratio Test and Comparing Series

    • Taylor Series

      • Maclaurin Series

      • Maclaurin Series for exponential and trigonometric functions

      • Radius and Interval of Convergence of Power Series

      • Lagrange Error Bound for Taylor Polynomials

• AP Chemistry

  • Compounds and Molecules

    • Bonding and Forces

      • Intermolecular Forces

      • Covalent Bonds

      • Hydrogen Bonding

      • Ionic Bonds

      • Polarity and Dipole

      • Other Bonding Concepts

      • Types of Chemical Bonds

      • Intramolecular Force and Potential Energy

      • VSEPR and Bond Hybridization

    • Compounds

      • Mass

      • Polyatomic Ions and Functional Groups

      • Naming Compounds

      • Organic Compounds

      • Properties of Compounds

    • Molecules

      • Lewis Diagrams

      • Molecular and Electronic Geometries

      • VSEPR Theory

      • Other Molecular Concepts

    • Structure of Ionic Solids

  • Elements and Atoms

    • Electrons and Quantum Theory

      • Electron Configuration

      • History and Experiments with Electrons

      • Orbitals and Hybridization

      • Quantum Numbers

    • Elements, Ions, and Isotopes

      • Isotopes

      • Atomic Mass

      • Atoms

      • Ions

      • Other Atomic Concepts

      • Radioactive Decay and Nuclear Chemistry

    • The Periodic Table

      • History of the Periodic Table

      • Periodic Trends

      • Special Groups

  • Laboratory Techniques and Analysis

    • Calculations

      • Data Analysis and Other Calculations

      • Interpreting Graphs and Tables

      • Significant Figures

      • Yield and Error

    • Laboratory Equipment and Procedure

      • Drawing Conclusions from Observations

      • Hypotheses and Procedures

      • Laboratory Equipment

      • Safety

  • Reactions and Equilibrium

    • Chemical Equilibrium

      • Equilibrium and Thermodynamics

      • Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Quotient

      • Le Chatelier's Principle

      • System Equilibrium

      • Properties of the Equilibrium Constant

      • Calculating the Equilibrium Concentrations

    • Reaction Types

      • Acid-Base Reactions+7 topics

        • pH

        • Buffers

        • Identifying and Defining Acids and Bases

        • Titrations and Indicators

        • Molecular Structure of Acids and Bases

        • PH and Pka

        • pH and POH of Strong Acids and Bases

      • Fundamental Reaction Concepts+3 topics

        • Addition and Decomposition Reactions

        • Balancing and Predicting Reactions

        • Single and Double Replacement Reactions

      • Oxidation-Reduction Reactions+6 topics

        • Combustion

        • Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

        • Electrochemistry

        • Oxidation State

        • Reduction Potential

        • Principles of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

  • Solutions and States of Matter

    • Gases

      • Effusion

      • Gas Laws

      • Other Gas Concepts

      • Partial Pressure

      • Properties of Gases

      • Deviations from Ideal Gas Law

      • Ideal Gas Law

    • Phase Changes

      • Energy of Phase Changes

      • Phase Diagrams

      • Types of Phase Changes

    • Solids and Liquids

      • Properties of Liquids

    • Solutions

      • Colligative Properties

      • Concentration and Units

      • Precipitates and Calculations

      • Solubility Rules

      • Solubility and Equilibrium

      • Other Solution Concepts

      • Representations of Solutions

      • Spectroscopy and Electromagnetic Spectrum

    • Solids, Liquids, and Gases

  • Stoichiometry

    • Avogadro's Number

    • Balancing Equations

    • Empirical and Molecular Formulas

    • Limiting Reagent

    • Molar Mass

    • Other Stoichiometric Calculations

    • Stoichiometry with Reactions

    • Unit Conversions

  • Thermochemistry and Kinetics

    • Kinetics and Energy

      • Activation Energy

      • Energy Diagrams

      • Enzymes and Catalysts

      • Kinetic Molecular Theory

      • Reaction Rate and Rate Law

      • Principles of Reaction Kinetics

      • Integrated Rate Laws

      • Reaction Mechanisms

      • Reaction Energy Profile

    • Thermodynamics

      • Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions

      • Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

      • Enthalpy

      • Entropy

      • Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity

      • Laws of Thermodynamics

      • Hess' Law

      • Cell Potential Under Non-standard Conditions

      • Electrolysis and Faraday's Law

      • Galvanic (Voltai) and Elecrolytic Cells

      • Cell Potential and Free Energy

  • Atomic Structure and Properties

    • Composition of mixtures

    • Photoelectron Spectroscopy

    • Moles and Molar Mass

    • Mass Spectroscopy of the Elements

    • Elemental Composition of Pure Substances

    • Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration

  • Chemical Reactions

    • Introduction for Reactions

• AP English Language

  • Words and Phrases in Context

    • Diction and Vocabulary

      • Word Meaning

      • Word Choice and Effect

      • Connotation and Denotation

      • Relationship Between Words

    • Phrase Usage

      • Purpose in Context

      • Meaning in Context

      • Phrase Choice and Effect

  • Literary Devices

    • Extended Literary Devices

      • Allegory and Analogy

      • Metaphor and Simile

      • Parallelism, Anaphora, Repetition

      • Personification and Synesthesia

      • Other Phrasal Devices

    • Tonal Literary Devices

      • Antithesis

      • Euphemism

      • Exaggeration and Understatement

      • Logos, Ethos, and Pathos

      • Other Tonal Devices

    • Literary Devices and Diction

      • Metonymy and Synecdoche

      • Oxymoron and Paradox

      • Syntax and Sentence Structure

      • Other Devices and Diction

  • Passage Meaning and Construction

    • Character and Subject Relationships

    • Rhetorical Mode and Style

    • Motives and Goals of Characters

    • Point of View

    • Evaluating Evidence and Examples

    • Passage Organization and Order

    • Interpreting Literary Devices

    • Other Passage Questions

  • Author, Tone, and Intent

    • Thesis or Argument

    • Tone

    • Style Choices

    • Assumptions

    • Audience

    • Inference About the Author

    • Inference About the Subject

    • Other Author and Tone Questions

• GRE Subject Test: Literature in English

  • History and Theory of Literary Criticism

    • Formalism and Historicism

      • Formalism / New Criticism

    • Other Critical Lenses

      • Feminist Criticism

  • Literary Analysis

    • Literary Analysis of Poetry

      • Literary Analysis of British Poetry+2 topics

        • Literary Analysis of British Poetry 1660–1925

        • Literary Analysis of British Poetry to 1660

      • Literary Analysis of American Poetry+2 topics

        • Literary Analysis of American Poetry Before 1925

        • Literary Analysis of American Poetry After 1925

    • Literary Analysis of Prose

      • Literary Analysis of British Prose

  • Identification

    • Identification of Poetry

      • Identification of British Poetry+3 topics

        • Identification of British Poetry After 1925

        • Identification of British Poetry 1660–1925

        • Identification of British Poetry to 1660

      • Identification of American Poetry+2 topics

        • Identification of American Poetry Before 1925

        • Identification of American Poetry After 1925

      • Identification of World Poetry+2 topics

        • Identification of World Poetry Before 1925

        • Identification of World Poetry After 1925

    • Identification of Prose

      • Identification of British Prose+3 topics

        • Identification of British Prose to 1660

        • Identification of British Prose After 1925

        • Identification of British Prose 1660–1925

      • Identification of American Prose+2 topics

        • Identification of American Prose Before 1925

        • Identification of American Prose After 1925

      • Identification of World Prose+2 topics

        • Identification of World Prose Before 1925

        • Identification of World Prose After 1925

    • Identification of Plays

      • Identification of British Plays+3 topics

        • Identification of British Plays to 1660

        • Identification of British Plays After 1925

        • Identification of British Plays 1660–1925

      • Identification of American Plays+2 topics

        • Identification of American Plays Before 1925

        • Identification of American Plays After 1925

      • Identification of World Plays+2 topics

        • Identification of World Plays Before 1925

        • Identification of World Plays After 1925

  • Cultural and Historical Contexts

    • Contexts of Poetry

      • Contexts of British Poetry+3 topics

        • Contexts of British Poetry After 1925

        • Contexts of British Poetry 1660–1925

        • Contexts of British Poetry to 1660

      • Contexts of American Poetry+2 topics

        • Contexts of American Poetry Before 1925

        • Contexts of American Poetry After 1925

      • Contexts of World Poetry+3 topics

        • Contexts of World Poetry to 1660

        • Contexts of World Poetry 1660–1925

        • Contexts of World Poetry After 1925

    • Contexts of Prose

      • Contexts of British Prose+3 topics

        • Contexts of British Prose to 1660

        • Contexts of British Prose 1660–1925

        • Contexts of British Prose After 1925

      • Contexts of American Prose+2 topics

        • Contexts of American Prose Before 1925

        • Contexts of American Prose After 1925

      • Contexts of World Prose+1 topic

        • Contexts of World Prose After 1925

    • Contexts of Plays

      • Contexts of British Plays+3 topics

        • Contexts of British Plays to 1660

        • Contexts of British Plays 1660–1925

        • Contexts of British Plays After 1925

      • Contexts of American Plays+2 topics

        • Contexts of American Plays Before 1925

        • Contexts of American Plays After 1925

      • Contexts of World Plays+2 topics

        • Contexts of World Plays Before 1925

        • Contexts of World Plays After 1925

• AP Environmental Sciences

  • Introductory Concepts and Earth Science

    • Earth Science

      • Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes

      • Natural Disasters

      • Seasons

    • Atmosphere

      • Atmospheric Organization

      • Weather

      • Atmospheric Movement and Patterns

      • Atmosphere-Ocean Relationships

      • ENSO

    • Water Resources

      • Freshwater

      • Salt Water

      • Surface Water and Underground Water

      • Ocean Dynamics

      • General Water Usage

      • Water Problems and Solutions

    • Soil and Geology

      • Geological Time Scale

      • Rock Cycle

      • Soil Formation, Composition, and Properties

      • Types of Soil

      • Soil Problems and Solutions

  • Ecosystems and Biology

    • Ecosystem Development and Relationships

      • Populations and Communities

      • Niches

      • Species Relationships and Diversity

      • Biomes

      • Food Webs and Pyramids

    • Ecological Change

      • Change Due to Natural Events

      • Evolution

      • Natural Selection

      • Ecological Succession

      • Human Impact on Ecological Change

    • Energy and Biochemical Cycles

      • Energy Dynamics+3 topics

        • Photosynthesis

        • Cellular Respiration

        • Trophic Levels

      • Biochemical Cycles+4 topics

        • Carbon Cycle

        • Nitrogen Cycle

        • Phosphorus Cycle

        • Water Cycle

    • Population Ecology

      • Carrying Capacity

      • Reproductive Patterns and Principles

      • The Human Population

  • Material Resources

    • Agriculture

    • Forests

    • Rangelands

    • Mining

    • Fishing

    • Other Material Resources

    • Economics and Resources

    • Politics and Resources

  • Energy Production and Usage

    • Introductory Energy Topics

      • Types of Energy

      • Units and Conversions

      • Laws of Thermodynamics

    • Energy Usage

      • Large-Scale Energy Usage

      • Small-Scale Energy Usage

    • Energy Sources and Production

      • Fossil Fuels+3 topics

        • Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas

        • Formation, Extraction, and Purification

        • Advantages and Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels

      • Nuclear Energy+2 topics

        • Fission and Fusion

        • Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

      • Hydroelectric Energy+2 topics

        • Dams

        • Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Energy

      • Other Energy Sources+5 topics

        • Solar Energy

        • Biomass

        • Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

        • Geothermal Energy

        • Other Energy Sources

    • Energy Conservation

      • Efficiency

      • CAFE Standards

  • Pollution

    • Types of Pollution

    • Ecological Impacts

    • Health Impacts

    • Economic Impacts

  • Global Effects and Dynamics

    • Ozone

      • Ozone Formation

      • Ultraviolet Light and Radiation

      • Causes and Effects of Ozone Loss

      • Politics and Ozone

    • Global Warming

      • Greenhouse Gases

      • Greenhouse Effect

      • Impact of Global Warming

      • Politics and Global Warming

    • Ecological Consequences

      • Habitats and Biomes

      • Biodiversity

      • Other Ecological Consequences

• AP European History

  • Cultural and Intellectual History

    • Religious Thought

    • Secularization of Learning

    • Science and Technology

    • Literature and Art

    • Politics and Society

    • Historical Ideologies

    • Literacy; Communication; Education

    • Diffusion of Knowledge among Social Groupings

    • Elite and Popular Culture

    • European Expansion

  • Political History

    • The Modern State

    • Colonialism; Imperialism; Decolonization; Globalization

    • Political Parties; Elites; Ideologies; Mass Politics

    • Rights; Liberties; Persecution

    • Nationalism

    • Political Protest; Reforms; Revolution

    • Domestic and Foreign Policies

    • Treaties; Diplomacy; International Organizations

    • War and Civil Conflict

  • Social and Economic History

    • Agriculture

    • Urbanization

    • Hierarchy and Social Class

    • Sanitation and Health Care

    • Commerce; Economics; Market Competition

    • Social Groups; Races; Classes; Ethnicities

    • Industrialization

    • Demography

    • Gender

• SAT Subject Test in French

  • Adjectives

    • Possessive Adjectives

    • Descriptive Adjectives

  • Pronouns

    • Possessive Pronouns

    • Indirect Object Pronouns

  • Verbs

    • Mood of the Verb

      • Present Conditional / Le Conditionnel

      • Subjunctive / Le Présent du Subjonctif

    • Tense

      • Compound Tenses+1 topic

        • Compound Past / Le Passé Composé

      • Simple Tenses+1 topic

        • Imperfect / L'Imparfait

    • Idiomatic Expressions

      • Idiomatic Expressions with Avoir

  • Prepositions and Conjunctions

    • Prepositions

• AP US Government

  • Constitution and Government Foundations

    • Constructing the Constitution

      • Political Figures and Constitutional Framers

      • Influencing Philosophies

      • Constitutional Convention

      • Concerns and Fears

      • Separation of Powers

      • Federalism

      • Bill of Rights

    • Modern Impacts of the Constitution

      • Constitutional Interpretations

      • Democratic Theory

      • Pluralism

      • Elitism

  • Fundamental Political Beliefs

    • Political Ideals and Beliefs

      • Citizen Role in Politics

      • Forming Political Beliefs

      • Political Education

      • Factors That Influence Beliefs in Politics

    • Political Participation

      • Voting

      • Protests

      • Mass Political Movements and Demonstrations

      • Other Political Participation

  • Political Parties and Elections

    • Political Parties

      • Historic Political Parties

      • Modern Political Parties

      • Evolution of the Party System

      • Impact on Elections

      • Impact on Political Functionality

      • Campaigning and Financial Implications

      • Advantages and Disadvantages of Political Parties

    • Elections

      • Election Laws

      • Federal Election Proceedings

      • State Election Proceedings

      • Voting and Participation

  • Special Interests and Mass Media

    • Interest Groups

      • Political Action Committees

      • Lobbying and Interest Groups

      • Impact of Interest Groups in Politics

      • Organization of Interest Groups

      • Party Affiliation and Interest Groups

    • Media Influence

      • Portrayal and Image of Public Figures

      • Influence on Public Opinion

      • Bias

      • Campaigning and Elections in the Media

  • National Government Institutions

    • Congress

      • Structure of Congress

      • Political Role of Congress

      • Congressional Procedures

    • Presidency

      • Structure of the Presidency

      • Political Role of the Presidency

      • Presidential Procedures

    • Bureaucracy

      • Structure of the Bureaucracy

      • Political Role of the Bureaucracy

      • Bureaucracy Procedures

    • Federal Courts

      • Structure of the Federal Courts

      • Political Role of the Federal Courts

      • Federal Court Procedures

    • Institutional Relationships

      • Relationships Between Federal Institutions

      • Relationships with State Institutions

      • Relationships with the Public

      • Relationships with Interest Groups

      • Relationships with Media

  • Public Policy

    • Formation of Policies

      • Groups Influencing Public Policy

      • Policy Agendas

    • Implementation and Impact of Policies

      • Enactment of Public Policy

      • Policy Networks

      • Iron Triangle

    • Policy Relations

      • Relationship with Federalism

      • Relationship with Interest Groups and Parties

      • Foreign Relations

  • Civil Rights, Amendments, and Court Cases

    • Constitutional Amendments

      • Constitutional Amendments

      • Impact of Constitutional Amendments

      • Interpretation of Constitutional Amendments

      • The Bill of Rights

    • Court Cases

      • Notable Court Cases

      • Impact of Notable Court Cases

      • Interpretation of Court Case Verdicts

    • Civil Rights

      • Freedom of Speech, Assembly, and Expression

      • Rights of the Accused

      • Rights of Minority Groups

      • Women's Rights

      • Other Civil Rights

      • History and Evolution of Civil Rights

      • Role of Courts in Civil Rights

• AP Human Geography

  • Population & Migration

    • Migration

      • Types of Migration

      • Major Historical Migrations

      • Consequences of Migration

      • Push & Pull Factors

      • Refugees & Asylum Seekers

    • Population Growth & Decline

      • Theories of Population Growth & Decline

      • Effects of National Population Policies

      • Population & Natural Hazards

      • Environmental Impacts of Population Change

      • Historical Trends & Future Projections

      • Regional Variations

    • Geographical Analysis of Population

      • Density, Distribution, & Scale

      • Composition

      • Implications of Density & Distribution

      • Patterns of Fertility, Mortality, & Health

  • Political Organization of Space

    • Territorial Dimensions of Politics

      • Function of Boundaries

      • Influences of Boundaries

      • Territoriality

      • Federal & Unitary States

      • Ethnicity, Economy, & Gender in Political Systems

    • Evolution of Political Patterns

      • Nation-State

      • Colonialism & Imperialism

      • Democratization

      • Communism & the Cold War

      • Patterns of Local & Regional Governance

    • Challenges to Political-Territorial Arrangements

      • Changing Nature of Sovereignty

      • Fragmentation, Unification, & Cooperation

      • Supranationalism & International Alliances

      • Devolution of Countries: Centripetal & Centrifugal Forces

      • Electoral Geography: Redistricting & Gerrymandering

      • War & Terrorism

  • Industrialization & Economic Development

    • Social & Economic Measures of Development

      • Gross Domestic Product

      • Human Development Index

      • Gender Inequality Index

      • Changes to Fertility & Mortality

    • Contemporary Patterns of Industrialization & Development

      • Sustainable Development

      • Government Development Initiatives

      • Gender Equity

      • Pollution & Climate Change

      • Globalization

      • Deindustrialization

      • Uneven Levels of Development

      • Economic Restructuring

      • Organization of the World Economy

    • Growth & Diffusion of Industrialization

      • Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

      • Critiques of Industrial Location Models

      • Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

      • Industrial Revolution

  • Geography

    • Indentifying Major World Regions

    • Sources of Geographical Information

    • Geospatial Technologies

    • Major Geographical Terminology

    • Using Maps

  • Cultural Patterns & Processes

    • Cultural Landscapes & Identity

      • Formation of Identity

      • Symbolic Landscapes & Sense of Place

      • Culture Practices and the Environment

    • Cultural Differences & Regional Patterns

      • Language & Communications

      • Religion

      • Ethnicity & Nationalism

      • Cultural Beliefs on Gender

      • Popular & Folk Culture

      • Cultural Conflicts & Law

    • Concepts of Culture

      • Culture Traits

      • Diffusion Patterns

      • Acculturation, Assimilation, & Multiculturalism

      • Cultural & Vernacular Regions

  • Cities & Urban Land Use

    • Models of Urban Hierarchies

      • Gravity Model

      • Rank-Size Rule

      • Primate Cities

      • Christaller's Central Place Theory

    • Models of City Structure & Urban Development

      • Burgess Concentric Zone Model

      • Harris & Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

      • Models of International Cities

    • Development of Cities

      • Origin of Cities

      • Forces Driving Urbanization

      • Borchert's Epochs of Urban Transportation Development

      • Suburbanization Processes

      • Megacities

    • Contemporary Urban Issues

      • Suburban Sprawl & Urban Sustainability Problems

      • Access to Food Stores

      • Housing & Insurance Discrimination

      • Changing Demographic & Social Structures

      • Gentrification, Disamenity, & Zones of Abandonment

    • Social Spaces

      • Types of Residential Buildings

      • Urban Planning & Design

      • Edge Cities

  • Agriculture, Food Production, & Rural Land Use

    • Rural Land Use & Settlement Patterns

      • Settlement Patterns of Major Agriculture+8 topics

        • Subsistence

        • Cash Cropping

        • Plantation

        • Mixed Farming

        • Monoculture

        • Pastoralism

        • Ranching

        • Fishing & Aquaculture

      • Land Use & Cover+6 topics

        • Irrigation

        • Desertification

        • Deforestation

        • Wetland Destruction

        • Conservation Efforts

        • Models of Agricultural Land Use

    • Major Agricultural Production Regions

      • Major Bioclimatic Zones

      • Variations Within Major Zones

      • Interdependence of Production & Consumption Regions

    • Development of Agriculture

      • Neolithic Agricultural Revolution

      • Second Agricultural Revolution

      • Green Revolution

      • Agribusiness

    • Contemporary Commercial Agriculture

      • Biotechnology

      • Organic Farming & Fair Trade

      • Global Food Distribution & Famine

      • Environmental Issues

• AP Latin Language

  • Syllabus Passages

    • Vergil

      • Content in Vergil+3 topics

        • Vocabulary in Vergil

        • Passage Comprehension in Vergil

        • Context-Based Meaning of Words and Phrases in Vergil

      • Context of Vergil+5 topics

        • Authors and Literary Conventions in Vergil

        • Mythology and Legends in Vergil

        • Perspectives of Roman Culture in Vergil

        • Influential People and Events in Vergil

        • References to Rome in Vergil

      • Grammar, Syntax, and Scansion in Vergil+3 topics

        • Scanning Dactylic Hexameter in Vergil

        • Syntax in Vergil

        • Grammatical and Syntactic Terminology in Vergil

    • Caesar

      • Content in Caesar+3 topics

        • Vocabulary in Caesar

        • Passage Comprehension in Caesar

        • Context-Based Meaning of Words and Phrases in Caesar

      • Context of Caesar+1 topic

        • Influential People and Events in Caesar

      • Grammar, Syntax, and Scansion in Caesar+2 topics

        • Syntax in Caesar

        • Grammatical and Syntactic Terminology in Caesar

  • Latin Essentials

    • Latin Prepositions

      • Using prepositions in Latin

    • Latin Pronouns

      • Using relative pronouns in Latin

    • Latin Adjectives

      • Using comparative adjectives in Latin

      • Using first-declension adjectives in Latin

      • Using second-declension adjectives in Latin

    • Latin Nouns

      • Latin Noun Paradigms+3 topics

        • Using first declension Latin nouns

        • Using typical-form third declension Latin nouns

        • Using fourth declension Latin nouns

      • Latin Cases+12 topics

        • Latin Ablative Case+3 topics

          • Using ablative of agent in Latin

          • Using ablative of means in Latin

          • Using accusative case in Latin

        • Latin Genitive Case+2 topics

          • Using genitive case in Latin

          • Using genitive of description in Latin

        • Latin Dative Case+1 topic

          • Using dative case in Latin

        • Latin Nominative and Vocative Cases+2 topics

          • Using nominative case in Latin

          • Using vocative case in Latin

    • Latin Verbs

      • Latin Verb Tense+2 topics

        • Using future tense in Latin

        • Using perfect tense in Latin

      • Mood in Latin Verbs+2 topics

        • Using subjunctive mood in Latin

        • Using imperative mood in Latin

  • Sight Reading

    • Poetry

      • Content of Poetry+3 topics

        • Vocabulary in Poetry Passages

        • Passage Comprehension in Poetry Passages

        • Context-Based Meaning of Words and Phrases in Poetry Passages

      • Context of Poetry+4 topics

        • Authors and Literary Conventions in Poetry Passages

        • Mythology and Legends in Poetry Passages

        • Perspectives of Roman Culture in Poetry Passages

        • References to Rome in Poetry Passages

      • Grammar, Syntax, and Scansion in Poetry+2 topics

        • Poetic Syntax

        • Grammatical and Syntactic Terminology in Poetry Passages

    • Prose

      • Content of Prose Passages+3 topics

        • Vocabulary in Prose Passages

        • Passage Comprehension in Prose Passages

        • Context-Based Meaning of Words and Phrases in Prose Passages

      • Context of Prose Passages+4 topics

        • Authors and Literary Conventions in Prose Passages

        • Mythology and Legends in Prose Passages

        • Perspectives of Roman Culture in Prose Passages

        • Influential People and Events in Prose Passages

      • Grammar, Syntax, and Scansion in Prose Passages+2 topics

        • Syntax of Prose Passages

        • Grammatical and Syntactic Terminology in Prose Passages

  • Literary Device Identification

    • Syntactical Devices

      • Anaphora

      • Asyndeton and Polysyndeton

      • Chiasmus

      • Synchesis

    • Semantic Devices

      • Metonymy

      • Simile and Metaphor

      • Hyperbole

      • Rhetorical Questions

      • Apostrophe

• AP English Literature and Composition

  • Interpreting the Passage

    • Extrapolating from the Passage

      • Summarizing or Describing the Passage

      • Inferences and Implied Ideas

      • Inferring Author Intent, Opinion, and Bias

    • Passage Content

      • Character and Subject Relationships

      • Motives, Goals, and Actions of Characters

      • Comparisons and Contrasts

      • Claims and Argument

      • Other Content Questions

  • Interpreting Words and Excerpts

    • Interpreting Words

      • Word Meaning in Context

      • Connotation and Implication

      • Relationship Between Words

      • Word Choice and Effect

      • Other Word Interpretation Questions

    • Interpreting Excerpts

      • Excerpt Meaning in Context

      • Excerpt Connotation and Implication in Context

      • Syntax and Structure of Excerpts

      • Excerpt Purpose in Context

      • Summarizing, Describing, or Paraphrasing Excerpts

      • Other Excerpt Interpretation Questions

• AP Macroeconomics

  • Graphs

    • Aggregate Supply and Demand Graphs

      • Long-run Aggregate Supply Curve+1 topic

        • How to graph long-run aggregate supply curves with aggregate supply and demand graphs

      • Long-run Aggregate Demand Curve+1 topic

        • How to graph long-run aggregate demand curves with aggregate supply and demand graphs

    • Short-run Phillips Curve Graphs

      • Other Short-run Phillips Curve Graphs+1 topic

        • How to graph short-run Phillips curves

      • Short-run Aggregate Supply Curve+1 topic

        • How to graph aggregate supply with short-run Phillips curves

  • Fiscal Policy

    • Real Output

      • How to find real output in fiscal policy

    • Other Fiscal Policy

      • How to find fiscal policy

  • Tax Policy

    • Consumption

      • How to find consumption

    • National Saving

      • How to find national saving

    • Economic Growth

      • How to find economic growth

    • Tax Incentives

      • How to find tax incentives

    • Tax Credits

      • How to find tax credits

  • Deficit Spending

    • Effect of Deficit Spending on Aggregate Demand

      • How to find the effect of deficit spending on aggregate demand

    • Other Deficit Spending

      • How to find deficit spending

    • Effect of Deficit Spending on Output

      • How to find the effect of deficit spending on output

  • Tables

    • Gross Domestic Product

      • Real GDP Gross Domestic Product+1 topic

        • How to find real GDP gross domestic product

      • Other GDP Gross Domestic Product+1 topic

        • How to find GDP gross domestic product

  • Equilibrium

    • Money Supply

      • Reserve Requirements+1 topic

        • How to find the effect of reserve requirements on money supply

      • Bonds+1 topic

        • How to find the effect of bonds on money supply

      • Other Money Supply+1 topic

        • How to find money supply

      • Government Securities+1 topic

        • How to find the effect of government securities on money supply

    • Interest Rate

      • Real Interest Rate+1 topic

        • How to find real interest rate

    • Inflation Rate

      • How to find inflation rate

  • Productivity

    • Other Productivity

      • How to find productivity

  • Diagrams

    • Production Possibility Diagrams

      • Other Production Possibility Diagrams+1 topic

        • How to find production possibility diagrams

  • Exchange Rate

    • Other Exchange Rate

      • How to find exchange rate

  • Employment

    • Effects on Employment

      • How to find effects on employment

    • Unemployment

      • How to find unemployment

  • Flow of Funds

    • Net Exports

      • How to find net exports

    • Real Interest Rate

      • How to find real interest rate

    • Level of Investment

      • How to find level of investment

  • Tariffs

    • Other Tariffs

      • How to find tariffs

• AP Microeconomics

  • Microeconomics Graphs

    • Side-by-Side Graphs

      • Price

      • Output

      • Short-run Earnings

      • Long-run Market Equilibrium+2 topics

        • Price Equilibrium

        • Quantity Equilibrium

      • Long-run Business Equilibrium+2 topics

        • Price Equilibrium

        • Quantity Equilibrium

    • Positive Externalities Graphs

      • Socially Optimum Equilibrium Quantity

  • Government Policies

    • Effect on Socially Optimum Levels

  • Competition

    • Perfectly Competitive Markets

      • Perfectly Competitive Labor Markets

      • Perfectly Competitive Output Markets

  • Marginal Revenue Product of Labor MRP