Advanced Placement European History studying European civilization from 1450 to present.
The Reformation was a 16th-century movement that shattered the religious unity of Western Europe. Led by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin, the Reformation called for reform in the Catholic Church and gave rise to new Protestant denominations.
The movement began in 1517 when Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses, criticizing Church corruption and the sale of indulgences. This sparked debates about salvation, authority, and the nature of faith.
The Reformation led to religious wars, social upheaval, and the creation of Protestant churches. It also encouraged literacy, as people needed to read the Bible themselves, and inspired new forms of governance and education.
The Reformation's emphasis on individual faith and questioning authority continues to influence Western societies today, promoting ideas like freedom of conscience and religious tolerance.
Martin Luther translating the Bible into German so ordinary people could read it.
The Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War and recognizing religious pluralism.
The Reformation changed the religious landscape of Europe, encouraging new churches, ideas, and freedoms.