Systems of Polynomial Equations
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PSAT Math › Systems of Polynomial Equations
A student graphs the system shown on the coordinate plane. The curves are $y=x^2-4$ and $y=2x$. What is the sum of the $x$-coordinates of the intersection points?$$\begin{cases} y=x^2-4 \\ y=2x \end{cases}$$
$4$
$-2$
$2$
$0$
Explanation
We need to find where $y = x^2 - 4$ and $y = 2x$ intersect, then sum the x-coordinates. This quadratic-linear system is solved by substitution. Setting equal: $x^2 - 4 = 2x$, which becomes $x^2 - 2x - 4 = 0$. Using the quadratic formula: $x = (2 \pm \sqrt{4 + 16})/2 = (2 \pm \sqrt{20})/2 = (2 \pm 2\sqrt{5})/2 = 1 \pm \sqrt{5}$. The sum of the x-coordinates is $(1 + \sqrt{5}) + (1 - \sqrt{5}) = 2$. A useful property: for any quadratic $ax^2 + bx + c = 0$, the sum of roots equals $-b/a$, which here is $-(-2)/1 = 2$. This provides a quick check without finding individual roots.
A designer models a ramp by the line $y=\tfrac{1}{2}x+1$ and an arch above it by the parabola $y=-\tfrac{1}{2}x^2+2x+1$. The ramp meets the arch at the intersection points. What is the product of the $x$-coordinates of the intersection points?
$0$
$2$
$8$
$4$
Explanation
We need the product of x-coordinates where the line y = ½x + 1 meets the parabola y = -½x² + 2x + 1. This system combines a line and parabola, solved by substitution. Setting ½x + 1 = -½x² + 2x + 1, we get ½x + 1 + ½x² - 2x - 1 = 0, which simplifies to ½x² - (3/2)x = 0, or ½x(x - 3) = 0. This gives x = 0 or x = 3, so the product of x-coordinates is 0 × 3 = 0. A key insight: when one root is zero, the product of all roots must be zero. For any quadratic ax² + bx + c = 0, Vieta's formula gives the product of roots as c/a, and here c = 0 confirms our answer.
A student solves the system $y=x^2+2x$ and $y=4x$ to find when a quadratic growth model matches a linear estimate. What is the product $x_1x_2$ of the $x$-values of all solutions?
$8$
$-4$
$0$
$-8$
Explanation
The question seeks the product x₁x₂ of x-values where quadratic and linear models match. This is a linear-nonlinear system, solved by substitution, with up to 2 intersections possible for line and parabola. Set x² + 2x = 4x, simplify to x² - 2x = 0, factor as x(x - 2) = 0, so x = 0 and x = 2, product 0. For ax² + bx + c = 0, product is c/a, here 0/1 = 0. A common error is ignoring the x=0 solution. Use quadratic properties like product of roots to answer without listing roots.
On the coordinate plane, the graphs of the line $y=x+1$ and the parabola $y=x^2-1$ are shown. How many solutions does the system have (how many intersection points are there)?
0
1
2
3
Explanation
The question asks for the number of solutions to the system, which corresponds to the intersection points of the line and parabola. This is a system of one linear and one nonlinear equation, solved by substitution, emphasizing that a parabola and line can intersect 0, 1, or 2 times. Set x + 1 = x² - 1, rearrange to x² - x - 2 = 0, and factor as (x - 2)(x + 1) = 0, giving x = 2 and x = -1. These yield two distinct real solutions. A key error might be miscounting roots if the discriminant is overlooked, but here it's positive with two roots. A strategy is to calculate the discriminant quickly to determine the number of intersections without full solving.
A designer models the edge of a ramp with $y=x^2-4x+3$ and a support beam with $y=x-1$. At what points do the graphs intersect? Solve the system algebraically.
$(2,1)$ and $(3,2)$
$(1,0)$ and $(4,3)$
$(0,-1)$ and $(3,2)$
$(1,0)$ only
Explanation
The question seeks the intersection points of the quadratic ramp model and linear support beam. This system combines a linear and a nonlinear quadratic equation, solved via substitution, with the reminder that such graphs can intersect at 0, 1, or 2 points. Set x² - 4x + 3 = x - 1, simplify to x² - 5x + 4 = 0, and factor as (x - 1)(x - 4) = 0, so x = 1 and x = 4. Corresponding y-values are y = 0 for x = 1 and y = 3 for x = 4, giving (1, 0) and (4, 3). Errors often occur in algebraic simplification, like incorrect subtraction. When time is limited, graph mentally or check discriminants to confirm two real roots.
A company compares two models for monthly profit $P$ (in thousands of dollars) as a function of units $x$: $P=x+2$ and $P=x^2-4x+6$. What are all solutions $(x,P)$ to the system?
$(1,3)$ and $(4,6)$
$(1,3)$ only
$(2,4)$ only
$(2,4)$ and $(3,5)$
Explanation
The question seeks all solutions (x, P) where two profit models agree. This system of linear and nonlinear quadratic equations is solved by substitution, with potential for 0, 1, or 2 intersections between line and parabola. Set x + 2 = x² - 4x + 6, rearrange to x² - 5x + 4 = 0, factor as (x - 1)(x - 4) = 0, giving x = 1 and x = 4. Then P = 3 and P = 6, so (1, 3) and (4, 6). A key error is failing to substitute back for P-values. Verify by plugging into originals to ensure accuracy.
A ball’s height (in meters) after $t$ seconds is modeled by $h=-t^2+6t+1$. A sensor records height and time pairs that also satisfy the linear calibration rule $h=2t+1$. What are all solutions $(t,h)$ to the system (the times and heights when the model and sensor agree)?
$(1,3)$ only
$(0,1)$ only
$(0,1)$ and $(4,9)$
$(2,5)$ and $(3,7)$
Explanation
The question asks for all solutions (t, h) where the quadratic model for a ball's height agrees with the linear sensor calibration. This is a system of one linear and one nonlinear (quadratic) equation, which we solve by substitution, noting that a line and a parabola can intersect at 0, 1, or 2 points. Set -t² + 6t + 1 = 2t + 1, simplify to -t² + 4t = 0, and factor as -t(t - 4) = 0, yielding t = 0 and t = 4. Then, substitute into the linear equation: for t = 0, h = 1; for t = 4, h = 9, giving points (0, 1) and (4, 9). A common error is forgetting to check both solutions in the original equations, but both satisfy here. For test-taking, verify solutions by plugging back in to avoid calculation mistakes.
On the coordinate plane, the line $y=x+1$ and the parabola $y=x^2-2x-3$ are shown. How many solutions does the system have (that is, how many intersection points are there)?
$$\begin{cases} y=x+1 \\ y=x^2-2x-3 \end{cases}$$
0
1
2
3
Explanation
The question asks for the number of solutions to the system, which is the number of intersection points between the line and the parabola. This system involves one linear and one quadratic equation, solved by setting them equal, remembering a parabola and line can intersect 0, 1, or 2 times. Set $x + 1 = x^2 - 2x - 3$, rearrange to $x^2 - 3x - 4 = 0$. Factor as $(x - 4)(x + 1) = 0$, yielding $x = 4$ and $x = -1$, so two solutions. A key error could be incorrect rearrangement of terms, resulting in wrong coefficients. A test-taking strategy is to calculate the discriminant ($9 + 16 = 25 > 0$) to quickly confirm there are two real roots without fully solving.
In a lab, two models for concentration $y$ versus time $x$ are $y=x^2+2x-3$ and $y=3x-3$. What is the product of the $x$-coordinates of all solutions to the system?$$\begin{cases}y=x^2+2x-3\\y=3x-3\end{cases}$$
$0$
$1$
$-1$
$3$
Explanation
The question asks for the product of the $x$-coordinates of all solutions to the system of concentration models. This is a linear and quadratic system, solved by substitution, with possible 0, 1, or 2 intersections between line and parabola. Set $x^2 + 2x - 3 = 3x - 3$, rearrange to $x^2 - x = 0$. Factor as $x(x - 1) = 0$, giving $x = 0$ and $x = 1$, with product $0 \times 1 = 0$. A common error is failing to move all terms to one side, resulting in an incorrect equation. For efficiency, note that for $ax^2 + bx + c = 0$, the product of roots is $c/a = 0/1 = 0$, confirming the answer without finding individual roots.
A student graphs the system and claims the line just touches the parabola at one point. The equations are $y=x^2-4x+4$ and $y=0$. Which statement is true about the number of solutions?
$$\begin{cases}y=x^2-4x+4\\y=0\end{cases}$$
2 solutions
0 solutions
1 solution
Infinitely many
Explanation
The question asks about the number of solutions to the system, where the student claims the line touches the parabola at one point. This is setting a quadratic equal to zero (horizontal line), solved by finding roots, with a parabola intersecting a line 0, 1, or 2 times, but here possibly a tangent case. Set $x^2 - 4x + 4 = 0$. Factor as $(x - 2)^2 = 0$, giving a double root at $x = 2$, which counts as one solution. A key point is recognizing a perfect square indicates tangency and one intersection. A strategy is to check the discriminant ($16 - 16 = 0$), confirming exactly one real solution.