A nurse should expect to see an approximately 3% increase in the recipient's hemoglobin 4-6 hours after the administration of one unit of packed red blood cells.

A positive Murphy's sign is an indication of cholecystitis, or gallbladder inflammation. Testing for Murphy's sign is performed during an abdominal exam by asking the patient to breathe out slowly while the fingers of the examiner are slid under the right costal margin and held in place with firm pressure. The patient is then asked to inhale, which forces the abdominal contents upward. Murphy's sign is considered positive if the patient winces or flinches when breathing in, due to pain when the inflamed gallbladder comes in contact with the examiner's fingertips.

Rovsing's sign, psoas sign, and McBurney's point are all tests for appendicitis.

In this case, the patient is able to move their biceps brachii against gravity, but they are unable to move against gentle resistance by the examiner. This means the muscle strength should be graded at .

The muscle strength grade is as follows:

: no contraction

: muscle contraction, but no movement

: movement with gravity, but not against gravity

: movement against gravity, but not against resistance

: movement against mild resistance by the examiner

: normal muscle strength

A urinalysis can be an important tool in diagnosis conditions such as the presence of kidney stones, urinary tract infection and even dehydration. A typical urinalysis will contain information on all of the parameters indicated. The presence of glucose, ketones, crystals, casts, and leukocyte esterase may also be included.

A healthy and normal abdominal aorta will measure between 2.5-3cm in diameter. An abdominal aorta over 3cm and under 5cm in diameter is considered to be enlarged, and surgery to prevent abdominal aortic aneurism is generally performed on abdominal aortas that surpass 5cm in diameter in females or 5.5cm in diameter in males.

The normal range for hemoglobin in an adult female is . Hemoglobin levels above that range may be indicative of chronic low blood oxygen, while lower levels of hemoglobin are seen in anemia.

The normal range for hemoglobin levels in an adult male is . Hemoglobin levels above that range may be indicative of chronic low blood oxygen, while lower levels of hemoglobin are seen in anemia.

Normal levels for sodium are between . Anything below (hyponatremia) or above (hypernatremia) this is considered abnormal and should be evaluated further.

The range for normal potassium levels in blood is . Anything above that (hyperkalemia) or below that range (hypokalemia) is considered abnormal.

The normal adult reference range for blood calcium levels is .