A psychologist comments on the popularity of “micro-habits,” such as doing one push-up a day or writing one sentence. The psychologist does not argue that micro-habits guarantee transformation; instead, they claim that micro-habits can be useful as entry points for people who are intimidated by large goals, because the small action lowers the barrier to starting. The psychologist notes that, without later adjustments—gradually increasing effort or changing the environment—micro-habits may plateau and produce little measurable change. As an example, the psychologist describes a person who begins with one sentence daily and later builds a routine of scheduled writing time. The psychologist explicitly avoids comparing micro-habits to clinical interventions for depression or anxiety.

Which option exceeds the boundaries of the author’s discussion?

An environmental writer describes a community initiative to plant trees along a few heavily trafficked streets. The writer argues that, in this local effort, residents valued the trees not only for potential air-quality benefits but also for shade and neighborhood pride. The writer notes that measuring air-quality change is difficult because pollution levels fluctuate with weather and traffic patterns; the initiative did not collect enough data to isolate the trees’ effect. The writer therefore avoids claiming that the planting measurably reduced pollution, while still treating the project as meaningful in social terms. The writer does not discuss rural reforestation or global carbon accounting.

The author’s argument does NOT support which of the following?

A classicist argues that modern readers sometimes treat ancient myths as if they were fixed “canonical” stories, when in fact many myths circulated in multiple variants. To show this, the classicist compares two surviving versions of the same myth and notes differences in motivation and outcome. The classicist does not claim that all ancient audiences welcomed variation; some may have preferred familiar versions. Nor does the classicist claim that variation makes myths meaningless; instead, the classicist suggests that variation can reveal what different communities wished to emphasize. The discussion stays with a small set of texts and does not attempt a comprehensive survey of myth across all regions.

Which option exceeds the boundaries of the author’s discussion?

A neuroscience commentator critiques headlines claiming that a single brain scan can “read your thoughts.” The commentator argues that, while certain studies can correlate patterns of activity with broad categories of tasks under controlled experimental conditions, these findings do not amount to decoding an individual’s specific private thoughts in everyday life. The commentator points out that lab tasks are simplified and that models are trained on constrained datasets, which limits what can be inferred outside the experimental setup. The commentator does not deny the value of the research; instead, they urge precision about what has been demonstrated. The commentator does not address ethical policy proposals, focusing only on interpretive claims.

Which statement would the author be least likely to agree with?

A columnist considers whether cities should replace some downtown parking spaces with protected bike lanes. The writer begins by noting that debates about transportation often become moralized—drivers portrayed as selfish, cyclists as virtuous—but says that such caricatures are not helpful for deciding policy. Instead, the column focuses on a narrower question: how a city might evaluate a pilot program that converts a small number of curbside parking spots on a few commercial blocks into protected lanes.

The writer argues that the most defensible case for a pilot is not that cycling is inherently superior to driving, but that a pilot can reveal tradeoffs that are otherwise guessed at. To keep the pilot interpretable, the author proposes measuring a limited set of outcomes: average vehicle travel time on adjacent streets, emergency-vehicle access, near-miss reports at intersections, and retail foot traffic during comparable weeks. The author adds that these measures are imperfect, and that a pilot should be treated as evidence about those specific blocks under those conditions, not as a verdict on a citywide transportation ideology.

To illustrate, the author describes a corridor where delivery trucks currently double-park, briefly blocking a lane. If protected lanes are added, deliveries might shift to designated morning windows, reducing midday congestion. But the author immediately cautions that this example is meant to show the kind of operational change a pilot could uncover; it does not guarantee that businesses will cooperate or that congestion will fall. Likewise, the writer acknowledges that some residents with mobility limitations rely on nearby parking, and suggests that any pilot should include designated accessible spaces on adjacent streets. The author does not attempt to rank all competing values—convenience, safety, commerce, accessibility—because, the column claims, that ranking is a political decision rather than something the pilot itself can settle.

The writer also sets aside broader questions that often dominate public meetings: whether a city should discourage car ownership, whether cycling culture is inclusive, and whether land-use reform would reduce commuting distances. Those issues, the author says, may be important, but they require different evidence and a different forum than a short pilot on a few blocks. The column concludes that a limited pilot, evaluated with pre-specified metrics and an explicit plan for modification or reversal, is a reasonable way to learn without pretending to resolve the entire transportation debate.

Which statement extends beyond the scope of the passage?

A researcher writes about evaluating employee productivity in a remote-work pilot program at a mid-sized firm. The researcher argues that, within this pilot, productivity should be assessed primarily through task completion rates and error frequency on clearly defined assignments, rather than through proxy measures such as hours logged online. The researcher emphasizes that the recommendation is tied to the pilot’s structure: employees had standardized task lists, comparable workloads, and supervisors who audited outputs weekly. The researcher gives an example in which two teams reported similar online hours, yet one produced more completed tasks with fewer revisions; under an output-based metric, the difference becomes visible. The researcher explicitly avoids claiming that all forms of work can be standardized this way, noting that creative or exploratory roles may resist such measurement. Nor does the researcher argue that hours logged are never informative; rather, the researcher suggests that in this pilot they were a poor stand-in for results. The researcher also does not address long-term career development, employee well-being, or organizational culture, stating only that the pilot’s data can inform how this firm evaluates performance in similar, structured settings.

The author’s argument does NOT support which of the following?

A sociologist writes about remote work and the decline of informal office conversations. The sociologist begins by acknowledging that remote work has varied effects across occupations and households. The essay does not attempt to decide whether remote work is “better” overall. Instead, it examines a narrower pattern observed in interviews with employees at a single mid-sized firm that switched to remote work for one year.

The author argues that informal conversations—brief, unplanned exchanges—often serve as low-stakes arenas for testing ideas and for learning what colleagues consider important. In the interviews, some employees reported that remote meetings became more agenda-driven, leaving fewer moments for tentative speculation. The author cautions that this does not mean remote work eliminates informality; some employees created chat channels that partially replaced hallway talk. Still, the author suggests that the shift in where informality happens can change who participates, because not everyone is equally comfortable writing in group chats.

The essay gives an example: a junior employee who rarely spoke in meetings used to ask quick questions after a meeting while walking back to their desk. Remotely, the same employee hesitated to schedule a separate call and did not want to post questions publicly in a large channel. The author uses this example to illustrate a possible mechanism by which remote work can reduce certain kinds of mentoring opportunities. The author does not claim that all junior employees experience this, nor that offices always provide supportive mentoring.

The sociologist explicitly avoids generalizing to all industries and does not address productivity metrics, environmental impacts, or real-estate costs. The conclusion is limited to the interview-based observation: at this firm, the relocation of informal talk from physical spaces to digital channels appeared to alter participation patterns in ways that may matter for learning and mentorship.

Which option exceeds the boundaries of the author’s discussion?

A food writer reflects on the recent surge of “heritage grain” breads in urban bakeries. The writer notes that marketing language often implies that using older wheat varieties automatically produces healthier bread and more ethical agriculture. The writer does not try to adjudicate nutrition science or agricultural policy. Instead, the essay makes a narrower, conditional argument about taste: when bakers adjust fermentation and hydration to match the flour’s properties, heritage grains can produce flavors and textures that differ from those of standard bread flour.

The author explains that some heritage flours absorb water differently and can yield doughs that behave unpredictably if treated like modern high-gluten flours. In the writer’s view, the most interesting loaves come from bakeries that treat the flour as an ingredient requiring technique changes rather than as a label. The author gives an example of a bakery that extended fermentation, resulting in a loaf with a nutty aroma and a slightly denser crumb. The writer cautions that this example shows what is possible, not what is guaranteed; a heritage label alone does not ensure good bread.

The writer also contrasts what is discussed with what is not. The essay does not claim that heritage grains are always locally grown, nor that they are always grown with fewer chemicals. It does not claim that they are cheaper for consumers or more profitable for farmers. The author briefly notes that some people seek heritage breads for identity or nostalgia, but the essay does not evaluate those motivations.

The conclusion is restrained: heritage grains can expand a baker’s flavor palette under conditions of appropriate technique, but consumers should be wary of treating the term “heritage” as a proxy for quality or virtue.

The author’s argument does NOT support which of the following?

An art critic reviews a traveling exhibition of portraits painted during a single decade of an artist’s career. The critic notes that viewers often want exhibitions to deliver a definitive interpretation of an artist’s “true themes.” The critic resists that expectation and proposes a more modest aim: using the decade’s portraits to clarify one recurring problem the artist faced—how to depict social status without relying on obvious symbols.

The critic argues that in these portraits, the artist often avoids direct markers such as lavish interiors or conspicuous jewelry. Instead, status is suggested through posture, the handling of fabric, and the sitter’s relation to empty space. The critic admits that such readings are interpretive and that other viewers might emphasize different features. The critic also cautions that the exhibition’s selection shapes what can be seen; because the show excludes the artist’s landscapes and later work, it cannot settle questions about the artist’s overall trajectory.

As an example, the critic describes a portrait of a merchant in plain clothing whose hands are painted with unusual precision. The critic suggests that the hands imply competence and control, a subtler status cue than gold rings. Yet the critic does not claim that the artist always used hands in this way; the example is presented as one instance among others. The critic further notes that some portraits in the show do include explicit symbols, which complicates any simple claim that the artist rejected them entirely.

The review concludes that the exhibition succeeds insofar as it helps viewers notice how status can be conveyed through painterly decisions rather than props. It does not claim to resolve debates about the artist’s politics, the economics of patronage, or the meaning of the artist’s later stylistic changes.

Which statement would the author be least likely to agree with?

A researcher writes a short commentary on studies that use smartphone data to estimate how much time people spend walking each day. The commentary begins by acknowledging that large datasets can reveal patterns that small surveys miss. However, the author draws a methodological boundary: the commentary evaluates what can be inferred from step-count data alone, not from combined datasets that include medical records, interviews, or controlled experiments.

The author argues that step counts can be informative for comparing the same person to themselves across time—such as before and after a change in commute—because many individual-specific factors remain constant. By contrast, the author is skeptical of strong claims that compare different groups (for example, neighborhoods or occupations) without careful attention to who carries phones consistently and how devices measure steps. The author notes that missing data are not random: people may leave phones behind during certain activities, and some jobs restrict phone use. These gaps can distort group comparisons even if the dataset is enormous.

The commentary provides an example: a workplace wellness program might claim success if average steps among enrolled employees rise after the program begins. The author says this could reflect real behavior change, but it could also reflect increased phone-carrying prompted by the program’s publicity. The author does not reject such evaluations outright; instead, the author recommends pairing step data with a smaller validation effort, such as brief check-ins or randomized prompts, to estimate how often phones are carried.

The author explicitly does not address whether walking is the best exercise, whether employers should run wellness programs, or whether phone-based surveillance is ethically acceptable. Those questions, the author says, require normative arguments and evidence beyond step counts. The conclusion is restrained: step-count data can support certain within-person or carefully validated inferences, but they do not, by themselves, justify broad causal narratives about group differences.

The author’s argument does NOT support which of the following?