Population Genetics and Hardy–Weinberg (1C) Practice Test

A captive breeding program maintains a large population of wolves. At an autosomal locus with alleles V and v, managers intentionally pair close relatives to preserve a rare pedigree line. After several generations, genotyping shows an increase in homozygotes relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations computed from allele frequencies, while allele frequencies themselves have changed little. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes: (i) random mating, (ii) no selection, (iii) no mutation, (iv) no migration, and (v) large population size.

Which factor most likely explains the deviation from expected genotype frequencies?

A large urban pigeon population is genotyped at an autosomal locus with alleles T and t. Researchers compute expected genotype frequencies from allele counts and find a consistent heterozygote deficit. Behavioral observations indicate that pigeons preferentially choose mates with similar plumage, and plumage is strongly associated with TT vs tt genotypes. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes: (i) random mating, (ii) no selection, (iii) no mutation, (iv) no migration, and (v) large population size.

Which factor most likely explains the deviation from expected genotype frequencies?