Inference - LSAT Logical Reasoning
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What is a slippery slope fallacy?
What is a slippery slope fallacy?
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Arguing that a small step leads to a chain of events. Claims one action inevitably leads to extreme consequences.
Arguing that a small step leads to a chain of events. Claims one action inevitably leads to extreme consequences.
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What defines a hasty generalization?
What defines a hasty generalization?
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Drawing a conclusion from insufficient evidence. Reaches broad conclusions from limited sample size.
Drawing a conclusion from insufficient evidence. Reaches broad conclusions from limited sample size.
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Identify the principle: 'If A leads to B and B leads to C, then A leads to C.'
Identify the principle: 'If A leads to B and B leads to C, then A leads to C.'
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Transitive property. Links relationships through intermediate connections.
Transitive property. Links relationships through intermediate connections.
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What describes an argument where the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises?
What describes an argument where the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises?
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Valid argument. The conclusion is logically entailed by the premises.
Valid argument. The conclusion is logically entailed by the premises.
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What is an ad hominem fallacy?
What is an ad hominem fallacy?
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Attacking the person instead of the argument. Targets the arguer rather than addressing their reasoning.
Attacking the person instead of the argument. Targets the arguer rather than addressing their reasoning.
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What is a counterargument?
What is a counterargument?
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An argument that opposes or refutes another argument. Challenges or disputes the original argument's claims.
An argument that opposes or refutes another argument. Challenges or disputes the original argument's claims.
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Define 'red herring' fallacy.
Define 'red herring' fallacy.
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Distracting from the main issue with irrelevant information. Diverts attention away from the real argument.
Distracting from the main issue with irrelevant information. Diverts attention away from the real argument.
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Identify the premise: 'If it rains, then the picnic is canceled. It is raining.'
Identify the premise: 'If it rains, then the picnic is canceled. It is raining.'
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It is raining. The premise provides the condition for the conditional.
It is raining. The premise provides the condition for the conditional.
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What is the definition of a valid argument?
What is the definition of a valid argument?
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If premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Defines the logical requirement for argument validity.
If premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Defines the logical requirement for argument validity.
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Find the logical fallacy: 'If it rains, the ground is wet. The ground is wet, so it rained.'
Find the logical fallacy: 'If it rains, the ground is wet. The ground is wet, so it rained.'
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Affirming the consequent. Assumes the antecedent from the consequent being true.
Affirming the consequent. Assumes the antecedent from the consequent being true.
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Which term describes the relationship between premises and conclusion?
Which term describes the relationship between premises and conclusion?
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Logical validity. Describes how well premises support the conclusion.
Logical validity. Describes how well premises support the conclusion.
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Identify the conclusion: 'All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.'
Identify the conclusion: 'All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.'
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Socrates is mortal. The conclusion follows 'Therefore' in this syllogism.
Socrates is mortal. The conclusion follows 'Therefore' in this syllogism.
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What is an inference in logical reasoning?
What is an inference in logical reasoning?
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A conclusion drawn from premises or evidence. This defines the basic concept of drawing logical conclusions.
A conclusion drawn from premises or evidence. This defines the basic concept of drawing logical conclusions.
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What is the main goal of logical reasoning?
What is the main goal of logical reasoning?
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To evaluate arguments for validity and soundness. Tests whether conclusions follow logically from premises.
To evaluate arguments for validity and soundness. Tests whether conclusions follow logically from premises.
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Identify the premise: 'If it rains, the ground is wet. It is raining.'
Identify the premise: 'If it rains, the ground is wet. It is raining.'
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It is raining. States the condition that triggers the conditional.
It is raining. States the condition that triggers the conditional.
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What is the definition of a false analogy?
What is the definition of a false analogy?
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Comparing two unlike things as if they are similar. Treats dissimilar situations as if they're equivalent.
Comparing two unlike things as if they are similar. Treats dissimilar situations as if they're equivalent.
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Identify the logical principle: 'Either A or B; not A; therefore, B.'
Identify the logical principle: 'Either A or B; not A; therefore, B.'
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Disjunctive syllogism. Eliminates one disjunct to affirm the other.
Disjunctive syllogism. Eliminates one disjunct to affirm the other.
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What is the straw man fallacy?
What is the straw man fallacy?
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Misrepresenting an argument to refute it easily. Creates a weaker version to attack more easily.
Misrepresenting an argument to refute it easily. Creates a weaker version to attack more easily.
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What defines the bandwagon fallacy?
What defines the bandwagon fallacy?
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Assuming something is true because many believe it. Appeals to popularity rather than logical merit.
Assuming something is true because many believe it. Appeals to popularity rather than logical merit.
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Define 'false dilemma' fallacy.
Define 'false dilemma' fallacy.
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Presenting two options as the only possibilities. Ignores other possible alternatives or middle ground.
Presenting two options as the only possibilities. Ignores other possible alternatives or middle ground.
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What is the role of evidence in an argument?
What is the role of evidence in an argument?
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To support premises and strengthen the argument. Provides factual support to make arguments more convincing.
To support premises and strengthen the argument. Provides factual support to make arguments more convincing.
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What is an ad hominem fallacy?
What is an ad hominem fallacy?
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Attacking the person instead of the argument. Targets the arguer rather than addressing their reasoning.
Attacking the person instead of the argument. Targets the arguer rather than addressing their reasoning.
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What describes an argument where the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises?
What describes an argument where the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises?
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Valid argument. The conclusion is logically entailed by the premises.
Valid argument. The conclusion is logically entailed by the premises.
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Identify the flaw: 'If A, then B. If B, then C. Therefore, if A, then C.'
Identify the flaw: 'If A, then B. If B, then C. Therefore, if A, then C.'
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No flaw; valid argument. This demonstrates valid hypothetical syllogism reasoning.
No flaw; valid argument. This demonstrates valid hypothetical syllogism reasoning.
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What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
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Inductive infers generalizations; deductive derives specifics. Inductive creates patterns; deductive applies established rules.
Inductive infers generalizations; deductive derives specifics. Inductive creates patterns; deductive applies established rules.
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What error occurs when causation is mistaken for correlation?
What error occurs when causation is mistaken for correlation?
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Post hoc fallacy. Confuses temporal sequence with causal relationship.
Post hoc fallacy. Confuses temporal sequence with causal relationship.
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What is the purpose of a conditional statement?
What is the purpose of a conditional statement?
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To express a dependent relationship between propositions. Shows logical dependency between two propositions.
To express a dependent relationship between propositions. Shows logical dependency between two propositions.
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Define 'red herring' fallacy.
Define 'red herring' fallacy.
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Distracting from the main issue with irrelevant information. Diverts attention away from the real argument.
Distracting from the main issue with irrelevant information. Diverts attention away from the real argument.
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What is the role of a premise in an argument?
What is the role of a premise in an argument?
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To provide support for the conclusion. Premises justify believing the conclusion is true.
To provide support for the conclusion. Premises justify believing the conclusion is true.
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What does it mean if an argument is 'cogent'?
What does it mean if an argument is 'cogent'?
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Strong argument with true premises. Strong inductive argument with true premises.
Strong argument with true premises. Strong inductive argument with true premises.
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