Selecting, Implementing, and Communicating Inference Procedures - AP Statistics
Card 1 of 30
What is the p-value interpretation in hypothesis testing?
What is the p-value interpretation in hypothesis testing?
Tap to reveal answer
Probability of observing data as extreme as current, under $H_0$. Measures strength of evidence against null hypothesis.
Probability of observing data as extreme as current, under $H_0$. Measures strength of evidence against null hypothesis.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the alternative hypothesis for a left-tailed test.
Identify the alternative hypothesis for a left-tailed test.
Tap to reveal answer
$H_a: \text{parameter} < \text{value}$. Parameter is less than specified value.
$H_a: \text{parameter} < \text{value}$. Parameter is less than specified value.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the critical value for a 95% confidence interval using a z-distribution.
Identify the critical value for a 95% confidence interval using a z-distribution.
Tap to reveal answer
1.96. Captures 95% of area under standard normal curve.
1.96. Captures 95% of area under standard normal curve.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the null hypothesis for a two-sample t-test?
What is the null hypothesis for a two-sample t-test?
Tap to reveal answer
$H_0: \text{The two population means are equal}$. States no difference between population means.
$H_0: \text{The two population means are equal}$. States no difference between population means.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which test would you use for comparing means of two independent samples?
Which test would you use for comparing means of two independent samples?
Tap to reveal answer
Two-sample t-test. Compares means when groups are independent.
Two-sample t-test. Compares means when groups are independent.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
State the null hypothesis for a test of a single proportion.
State the null hypothesis for a test of a single proportion.
Tap to reveal answer
$H_0: p = p_0$. Tests if population proportion equals specific value.
$H_0: p = p_0$. Tests if population proportion equals specific value.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the purpose of a confidence interval?
What is the purpose of a confidence interval?
Tap to reveal answer
Estimate a population parameter with an associated level of confidence. Provides range of plausible parameter values.
Estimate a population parameter with an associated level of confidence. Provides range of plausible parameter values.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the test for comparing paired sample means.
Identify the test for comparing paired sample means.
Tap to reveal answer
Paired t-test. Compares before and after measurements on same subjects.
Paired t-test. Compares before and after measurements on same subjects.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the formula for the test statistic in a one-sample t-test?
What is the formula for the test statistic in a one-sample t-test?
Tap to reveal answer
$t = \frac{\bar{x} - \mu}{s / \sqrt{n}}$. Standardizes sample mean using sample standard deviation.
$t = \frac{\bar{x} - \mu}{s / \sqrt{n}}$. Standardizes sample mean using sample standard deviation.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which test statistic is used for proportions?
Which test statistic is used for proportions?
Tap to reveal answer
Z-test. Uses normal distribution for proportion tests.
Z-test. Uses normal distribution for proportion tests.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the type of error when $H_0$ is true, but rejected.
Identify the type of error when $H_0$ is true, but rejected.
Tap to reveal answer
Type I error. Rejecting true null hypothesis incorrectly.
Type I error. Rejecting true null hypothesis incorrectly.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which condition is checked for normality in a t-test?
Which condition is checked for normality in a t-test?
Tap to reveal answer
The sample data is approximately normally distributed. Required for valid t-test inference procedures.
The sample data is approximately normally distributed. Required for valid t-test inference procedures.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
State the null hypothesis for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test.
State the null hypothesis for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test.
Tap to reveal answer
$H_0: \text{The observed distribution fits the expected distribution}$. Tests if data follows expected distribution pattern.
$H_0: \text{The observed distribution fits the expected distribution}$. Tests if data follows expected distribution pattern.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which test checks for independence between two categorical variables?
Which test checks for independence between two categorical variables?
Tap to reveal answer
Chi-square test of independence. Tests if two categorical variables are related.
Chi-square test of independence. Tests if two categorical variables are related.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Choose the formula for calculating a confidence interval for a mean.
Choose the formula for calculating a confidence interval for a mean.
Tap to reveal answer
$\bar{x} \pm t* \frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}$. Uses t-distribution critical value for unknown variance.
$\bar{x} \pm t* \frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}$. Uses t-distribution critical value for unknown variance.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the formula for the margin of error in a confidence interval?
What is the formula for the margin of error in a confidence interval?
Tap to reveal answer
$\text{ME} = z* \frac{σ}{\sqrt{n}}$. Half-width of confidence interval around estimate.
$\text{ME} = z* \frac{σ}{\sqrt{n}}$. Half-width of confidence interval around estimate.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the formula for the standard error of a sample mean?
What is the formula for the standard error of a sample mean?
Tap to reveal answer
$SE = \frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}$. Measures variability of sample mean estimates.
$SE = \frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}$. Measures variability of sample mean estimates.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the critical value for a 95% confidence interval using a z-distribution.
Identify the critical value for a 95% confidence interval using a z-distribution.
Tap to reveal answer
1.96. Captures 95% of area under standard normal curve.
1.96. Captures 95% of area under standard normal curve.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which test would you use for comparing means of two independent samples?
Which test would you use for comparing means of two independent samples?
Tap to reveal answer
Two-sample t-test. Compares means when groups are independent.
Two-sample t-test. Compares means when groups are independent.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the alternative hypothesis for a left-tailed test.
Identify the alternative hypothesis for a left-tailed test.
Tap to reveal answer
$H_a: \text{parameter} < \text{value}$. Parameter is less than specified value.
$H_a: \text{parameter} < \text{value}$. Parameter is less than specified value.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
State the null hypothesis for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test.
State the null hypothesis for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test.
Tap to reveal answer
$H_0: \text{The observed distribution fits the expected distribution}$. Tests if data follows expected distribution pattern.
$H_0: \text{The observed distribution fits the expected distribution}$. Tests if data follows expected distribution pattern.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the purpose of a confidence interval?
What is the purpose of a confidence interval?
Tap to reveal answer
Estimate a population parameter with an associated level of confidence. Provides range of plausible parameter values.
Estimate a population parameter with an associated level of confidence. Provides range of plausible parameter values.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Find the critical value for a 99% confidence interval using a t-distribution with 10 df.
Find the critical value for a 99% confidence interval using a t-distribution with 10 df.
Tap to reveal answer
3.169. Critical value for 99% confidence with 10 degrees freedom.
3.169. Critical value for 99% confidence with 10 degrees freedom.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the degrees of freedom for the numerator in an ANOVA test.
Identify the degrees of freedom for the numerator in an ANOVA test.
Tap to reveal answer
$k - 1$. Where $k$ is number of groups compared.
$k - 1$. Where $k$ is number of groups compared.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which test would you use for homogeneity of variance among groups?
Which test would you use for homogeneity of variance among groups?
Tap to reveal answer
Levene's test. Tests equal variances assumption for ANOVA.
Levene's test. Tests equal variances assumption for ANOVA.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What does a significant F-statistic in ANOVA indicate?
What does a significant F-statistic in ANOVA indicate?
Tap to reveal answer
At least one group mean is different. Not all group means are equal.
At least one group mean is different. Not all group means are equal.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What assumption is made about variances in ANOVA?
What assumption is made about variances in ANOVA?
Tap to reveal answer
Homogeneity of variances. Equal variances across all groups required.
Homogeneity of variances. Equal variances across all groups required.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the null hypothesis for a two-sample t-test?
What is the null hypothesis for a two-sample t-test?
Tap to reveal answer
$H_0: \text{The two population means are equal}$. States no difference between population means.
$H_0: \text{The two population means are equal}$. States no difference between population means.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the p-value interpretation in hypothesis testing?
What is the p-value interpretation in hypothesis testing?
Tap to reveal answer
Probability of observing data as extreme as current, under $H_0$. Measures strength of evidence against null hypothesis.
Probability of observing data as extreme as current, under $H_0$. Measures strength of evidence against null hypothesis.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which test checks for independence between two categorical variables?
Which test checks for independence between two categorical variables?
Tap to reveal answer
Chi-square test of independence. Tests if two categorical variables are related.
Chi-square test of independence. Tests if two categorical variables are related.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →