Newton's Third Law

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AP Physics 1 › Newton's Third Law

Questions 1 - 10
1

A 0.30 kg puck slides and collides with a stationary 0.50 kg puck on nearly frictionless ice; they are in contact briefly before separating. During contact, puck 1 exerts a force on puck 2 and puck 2 exerts a force on puck 1. How do the magnitudes of these forces compare?

Puck 2 exerts a greater force because it has greater mass.

Puck 1 exerts a greater force because it was moving initially.

The forces are unequal because only puck 2 experiences a net force at first.

They are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

Explanation

This question tests Newton's third law of motion. During the collision, the pucks exert forces on each other that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction—puck 1 pushes on puck 2, and puck 2 pushes back on puck 1 with exactly the same magnitude of force. These interaction forces act on different objects and remain equal throughout the contact time. The fact that puck 1 was initially moving while puck 2 was stationary, or that they have different masses, doesn't affect this fundamental relationship. Choice D incorrectly suggests that initial motion states affect the interaction forces, confusing net force with interaction forces. Remember that Newton's third law applies to all interactions—the forces between any two objects are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

2

A student pulls a sled with a rope across level snow at constant speed. The rope exerts a force on the sled, and the sled exerts a force on the rope. At an instant while the sled is moving, how do these interaction forces compare in magnitude?

The sled’s force on the rope is greater because the sled is more massive.

The rope’s force on the sled is greater because the sled is moving forward.

They are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

They are equal only if the sled’s acceleration is zero.

Explanation

This question tests Newton's third law of motion. When the rope and sled interact, they exert forces on each other that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The rope pulls forward on the sled, and the sled pulls backward on the rope with exactly the same magnitude of force. These interaction forces act on different objects and remain equal whether the sled is accelerating, moving at constant speed, or at rest. Choice D incorrectly suggests that the forces are only equal when acceleration is zero, confusing interaction forces with net force. Remember that Newton's third law applies to all interactions at all times—interaction forces are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

3

A 0.20 kg soccer ball moving east strikes a stationary 1.5 kg goalie glove and briefly compresses before rebounding west. During the contact, the ball pushes on the glove and the glove pushes on the ball. While they are in contact, how do the magnitudes of these two forces compare?

The glove’s force on the ball is greater because the glove has greater mass.

They are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

The ball’s force on the glove is greater because the ball changes direction.

The larger force is on whichever object has the larger net force.

Explanation

This question tests Newton's third law of motion. When two objects interact, they exert forces on each other that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. These interaction forces act on different objects—the ball exerts a force on the glove, and the glove exerts an equal and opposite force on the ball. The fact that the ball changes direction or that the glove has greater mass doesn't affect this fundamental relationship between interaction forces. Choice A incorrectly suggests that a change in direction creates unequal forces. To apply Newton's third law, identify the interaction pair and remember that these forces are always equal in magnitude, regardless of the objects' masses, velocities, or accelerations.

4

A crate is pulled across a rough floor by a person using a horizontal handle. The crate moves to the right at constant speed. Consider the interaction between the crate and the floor. How do the friction forces compare?

The crate’s friction force on the floor is greater because the person is pulling the crate forward.

The floor’s friction force on the crate is greater than the crate’s friction force on the floor because the crate is moving.

The friction forces are equal only if the crate is at rest; if it moves, the floor’s friction is larger.

The floor exerts a friction force on the crate equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the crate’s friction force on the floor.

Explanation

This question evaluates Newton's third law for friction in constant-speed motion. Newton's third law dictates that action-reaction forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The friction force the floor exerts on the crate is equal and opposite to the friction force the crate exerts on the floor. These forces are on distinct objects and remain equal even during motion at constant speed. Choice A errs by linking inequality to motion, but constant speed indicates balanced net forces, not unequal pairs. A general strategy is to isolate friction (or any) pairs via third law, then use first or second law for the object's overall motion.

5

A swimmer pushes backward on the pool wall during a turn. The wall pushes forward on the swimmer during the same contact. While the swimmer’s feet are in contact with the wall, how do the magnitudes of these two forces compare?​

They are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

The swimmer’s force on the wall is greater because the swimmer is the one exerting effort.

The wall’s force on the swimmer is greater because the swimmer speeds up forward.

The forces are unequal because the wall does not move.

Explanation

This question tests Newton's third law of motion. During the turn, the swimmer's feet and the wall form an interaction pair—the feet push backward on the wall, and the wall pushes forward on the feet with a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. These forces act on different objects and remain equal throughout the contact time. The fact that the swimmer accelerates forward while the wall remains stationary doesn't violate this principle because the forces act on different objects with different masses. Choice D incorrectly suggests that the wall's lack of motion makes the forces unequal, confusing the effect of a force with the force itself. Remember that Newton's third law always applies—interaction forces are equal regardless of the resulting motion.

6

A 1200 kg car is being towed at constant speed by a truck using a taut rope on a level road. Focus on the interaction between the rope and the car (at the attachment point). Which statement correctly compares the forces?

The rope pulls harder on the car than the car pulls on the rope because the car has larger mass.

The rope pulls on the car with the same magnitude force that the car pulls on the rope, in opposite directions.

The forces are equal only if the car’s net force is zero; otherwise the rope’s force must be larger.

The car pulls harder on the rope because it resists motion due to inertia.

Explanation

This question examines Newton's third law in tension forces during towing. Per Newton's third law, the force one object exerts on another is matched by an equal and opposite force from the second object. The rope pulls on the car with the same magnitude as the car pulls back on the rope, but in the opposite direction. These forces are on different objects—the rope and the car—and remain equal even at constant speed. Choice B incorrectly links force magnitude to mass, but third-law pairs are independent of mass differences. To generalize, always pair forces between two objects and verify equality before considering overall system dynamics like acceleration.

7

A book rests on a table. The book pushes down on the table, and the table pushes up on the book. Considering only this interaction pair, how do the magnitudes of these two forces compare?​

The book’s force on the table is greater because the book has weight.

They are equal only if the book is not moving.

They are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

The table’s force on the book is greater because the table is rigid.

Explanation

This question tests Newton's third law of motion. The book and table form an interaction pair where the book pushes down on the table and the table pushes up on the book with forces that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. These forces act on different objects—the downward force acts on the table, and the upward force acts on the book. The fact that the book has weight or that the table is rigid doesn't affect this relationship between interaction forces. Choice B incorrectly suggests that having weight makes the book's force greater, confusing the gravitational force (Earth on book) with the contact force (book on table). To apply Newton's third law correctly, identify the two objects in the interaction and remember their forces on each other are always equal.

8

A magnet is held near a steel paper clip, and the paper clip is attracted toward the magnet. Consider the interaction between the magnet and the paper clip. Which statement correctly compares the forces they exert on each other?

The magnet and paper clip exert forces on each other equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

The paper clip exerts a greater force on the magnet because the magnet is doing the attracting.

The magnet exerts a greater force on the paper clip because the paper clip moves toward the magnet.

The magnet exerts force on the paper clip, but the paper clip exerts no force on the magnet.

Explanation

This problem explores Newton's third law in non-contact forces like magnetism. The third law applies to all interactions, stating forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The magnet exerts a magnetic force on the paper clip equal and opposite to the force the paper clip exerts on the magnet. These forces act on different objects and are equal regardless of which moves or attracts. Distractor A mistakenly ties force inequality to observed motion, but motion results from net forces, not the pair. Broadly, extend third law to all force types by identifying pairs and confirming equality before considering causes of motion.

9

A person stands on a bathroom scale in an elevator. The person’s feet push down on the scale, and the scale pushes up on the person. At a given instant (regardless of whether the elevator is speeding up or slowing down), how do these two forces compare in magnitude?

The person’s force on the scale is always greater because of gravity.

The forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

The scale’s force on the person is greater when the elevator is moving upward.

The larger force is the one acting in the direction of the elevator’s motion.

Explanation

This question tests Newton's third law of motion. The person's feet and the scale form an interaction pair—the feet push down on the scale, and the scale pushes up on the feet with a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. These forces act on different objects (one on the scale, one on the person) and are always equal at any given instant. Whether the elevator is accelerating upward, downward, or moving at constant velocity doesn't change this fundamental relationship between the interaction forces. Choice A incorrectly confuses the magnitude of these interaction forces with the scale reading, which can vary with acceleration. Remember that Newton's third law applies to all interactions—the forces between two objects are always equal in magnitude.

10

A magnet attracts a nearby iron nail, and the nail simultaneously attracts the magnet. While the two objects are pulling on each other across a small air gap, how do the magnitudes of the magnetic force on the nail and on the magnet compare?​

The larger force is on whichever object is moving toward the other.

The magnet’s force on the nail is greater because the magnet is the source.

They are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

The nail’s force on the magnet is greater because iron is attracted to magnets.

Explanation

This question tests Newton's third law of motion. The magnet and nail form an interaction pair where the magnet pulls on the nail and the nail pulls back on the magnet with forces that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. These magnetic forces act on different objects and obey Newton's third law just like contact forces do. Even though the magnet might seem like the "source" of the attraction, both objects participate equally in the interaction. Choice A incorrectly suggests that being the source makes the magnet's force greater, but interaction forces are always mutual and equal. To apply Newton's third law correctly, remember it applies to all types of forces—gravitational, electromagnetic, and contact forces all produce equal and opposite interaction pairs.

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