AP Human Geography Flashcards: Population Dynamics

What this deck covers

This deck focuses on Population Dynamics, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for AP Human Geography.

How to use these flashcards

Work through these flashcards in short sessions. Try to answer each prompt before flipping the card, then revisit any cards you miss until the explanation feels automatic.

Flashcard 1: What is the definition of migration?

Answer: Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. People relocate for various economic and social reasons.

Flashcard 2: What is a pull factor in migration?

Answer: Job opportunities are a pull factor in migration. Economic incentives attract migrants to destinations.

Flashcard 3: Which region is expected to have the highest population growth?

Answer: Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to have the highest population growth. Young population with high fertility rates.

Flashcard 4: What is the crude birth rate?

Answer: Crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year. Standard measure for comparing birth rates across countries.

Flashcard 5: Which formula calculates population density?

Answer: Population Density = $\frac{\text{Total Population}}{\text{Land Area}}$. Divides total people by area size.

Flashcard 6: What is the doubling time in population growth?

Answer: Doubling time is the period needed for a population to double in size. Calculated using population growth rate formulas.

Flashcard 7: State the main cause of urban population growth.

Answer: Migration from rural to urban areas is the main cause of urban growth. Rural people seek urban economic opportunities.

Flashcard 8: Which stage in the DTM features low birth and death rates?

Answer: Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model features low birth and death rates. Developed countries with stable populations.

Flashcard 9: What is the definition of zero population growth?

Answer: Zero population growth is when birth rate equals death rate. Population remains stable with balanced vital rates.

Flashcard 10: Which demographic stage has high birth and death rates?

Answer: The pre-industrial stage has high birth and death rates. Limited medical care causes high mortality.

Flashcard 11: What is the definition of population density?

Answer: Population density is the number of people per unit area. Measures how crowded an area is.

Flashcard 12: What does the term 'carrying capacity' refer to?

Answer: Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an environment can sustain. The environmental limit before resources become insufficient.

Flashcard 13: Which factor can cause population increase?

Answer: High birth rates can cause population increase. More births than deaths expand populations.

Flashcard 14: Identify a consequence of an aging population.

Answer: An aging population can lead to increased healthcare costs. Elderly need more medical services and support.

Flashcard 15: Which region is expected to have the highest population growth?

Answer: Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to have the highest population growth. Young population with high fertility rates.

Flashcard 16: What is the doubling time in population growth?

Answer: Doubling time is the period needed for a population to double in size. Calculated using population growth rate formulas.

Flashcard 17: What is the meaning of 'population distribution'?

Answer: Population distribution is the spatial arrangement of people within an area. Where people live across geographic space.

Flashcard 18: What does the term 'population explosion' mean?

Answer: Population explosion refers to rapid population increase post-World War II. Dramatic population increase in developing countries.

Flashcard 19: What does 'urbanization' refer to?

Answer: Urbanization is the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. Rural-to-urban migration increases city populations.

Flashcard 20: What is a pull factor in migration?

Answer: Job opportunities are a pull factor in migration. Economic incentives attract migrants to destinations.

Flashcard 21: What does the term 'total fertility rate' mean?

Answer: Total fertility rate is the average number of children per woman. Predicts family size based on current fertility patterns.

Flashcard 22: What is the replacement fertility rate?

Answer: Replacement fertility rate is the number of children needed to replace parents. Maintains stable population without growth or decline.

Flashcard 23: What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?

Answer: The DTM describes population changes over time through stages. Framework showing demographic evolution patterns.

Flashcard 24: What is the infant mortality rate?

Answer: Infant mortality rate is deaths of infants under 1 year per 1,000 live births. Measures newborn survival rates in societies.

Flashcard 25: What is the definition of migration?

Answer: Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. People relocate for various economic and social reasons.

Flashcard 26: State the definition of 'refugee'.

Answer: A refugee is someone forced to leave their country due to persecution. International protection for displaced persons fleeing danger.

Flashcard 27: What is the primary purpose of a census?

Answer: A census collects data on population demographics and distribution. Comprehensive population count for planning purposes.

Flashcard 28: What is a key indicator of a developed country?

Answer: Low birth and death rates are indicators of a developed country. Advanced healthcare and education reduce vital rates.

Flashcard 29: Which factor can lead to population decline?

Answer: High emigration rates can lead to population decline. Out-migration reduces local population size.

Flashcard 30: State the main characteristic of Stage 5 in the DTM.

Answer: Stage 5 has declining populations due to lower birth rates than death rates. Very low fertility creates population shrinkage.

Flashcard 31: What is the formula for the dependency ratio?

Answer: Dependency Ratio = $\frac{\text{Dependents}}{\text{Working-age Population}} \times 100$. Measures burden of non-workers on working population.

Flashcard 32: Which stage in the DTM features low birth and death rates?

Answer: Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model features low birth and death rates. Developed countries with stable populations.

Flashcard 33: Identify the stage with declining birth rates in the DTM.

Answer: Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model has declining birth rates. Economic development reduces family size preferences.

Flashcard 34: What is the significance of the age-dependency ratio?

Answer: The age-dependency ratio impacts economic productivity and support needs. Shows economic strain from supporting non-workers.

Flashcard 35: What is a population pyramid?

Answer: A population pyramid is a graphical representation of age and sex distribution. Visual tool showing demographic structure by age groups.

Flashcard 36: State the main characteristic of Stage 5 in the DTM.

Answer: Stage 5 has declining populations due to lower birth rates than death rates. Very low fertility creates population shrinkage.

Flashcard 37: What is a population pyramid?

Answer: A population pyramid is a graphical representation of age and sex distribution. Visual tool showing demographic structure by age groups.

Flashcard 38: Which factor can cause population increase?

Answer: High birth rates can cause population increase. More births than deaths expand populations.

Flashcard 39: State the formula for the natural increase rate.

Answer: Natural Increase Rate = Birth Rate - Death Rate. Shows population change from births minus deaths.

Flashcard 40: Which formula calculates population density?

Answer: Population Density = $\frac{\text{Total Population}}{\text{Land Area}}$. Divides total people by area size.

Flashcard 41: What does the term 'carrying capacity' refer to?

Answer: Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an environment can sustain. The environmental limit before resources become insufficient.

Flashcard 42: Identify the stage with declining birth rates in the DTM.

Answer: Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model has declining birth rates. Economic development reduces family size preferences.

Flashcard 43: Which factor can lead to population decline?

Answer: High emigration rates can lead to population decline. Out-migration reduces local population size.

Flashcard 44: What is the crude birth rate?

Answer: Crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year. Standard measure for comparing birth rates across countries.

Flashcard 45: What is the formula for the dependency ratio?

Answer: Dependency Ratio = $\frac{\text{Dependents}}{\text{Working-age Population}} \times 100$. Measures burden of non-workers on working population.

Flashcard 46: What is the definition of zero population growth?

Answer: Zero population growth is when birth rate equals death rate. Population remains stable with balanced vital rates.

Flashcard 47: Identify a consequence of an aging population.

Answer: An aging population can lead to increased healthcare costs. Elderly need more medical services and support.

Flashcard 48: Which demographic measure indicates economic development?

Answer: Life expectancy indicates economic development. Longer lives indicate better living conditions.

Flashcard 49: State the main cause of urban population growth.

Answer: Migration from rural to urban areas is the main cause of urban growth. Rural people seek urban economic opportunities.

Flashcard 50: What does the term 'population explosion' mean?

Answer: Population explosion refers to rapid population increase post-World War II. Dramatic population increase in developing countries.

Flashcard 51: What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?

Answer: The DTM describes population changes over time through stages. Framework showing demographic evolution patterns.

Flashcard 52: State the definition of the dependency ratio.

Answer: Dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents to the working-age population. Shows economic burden on working adults.

Flashcard 53: Identify a method for reducing population growth.

Answer: Implementing family planning programs can reduce population growth. Education and contraception access limit births.

Flashcard 54: What does the term 'demographic momentum' mean?

Answer: Demographic momentum is population growth despite low fertility rates. Large young populations continue growing temporarily.

Flashcard 55: Which demographic stage has high birth and death rates?

Answer: The pre-industrial stage has high birth and death rates. Limited medical care causes high mortality.

Flashcard 56: What is the significance of the age-dependency ratio?

Answer: The age-dependency ratio impacts economic productivity and support needs. Shows economic strain from supporting non-workers.

Flashcard 57: Identify a method for reducing population growth.

Answer: Implementing family planning programs can reduce population growth. Education and contraception access limit births.

Flashcard 58: Identify a factor that can lead to high fertility rates.

Answer: Cultural norms can contribute to high fertility rates. Traditional values often favor larger families.

Flashcard 59: State the definition of the dependency ratio.

Answer: Dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents to the working-age population. Shows economic burden on working adults.

Flashcard 60: Identify a push factor for migration.

Answer: Economic hardship is a push factor for migration. Poor conditions encourage people to leave areas.

Flashcard 61: Identify a factor that influences mortality rates.

Answer: Healthcare access influences mortality rates. Better healthcare reduces death rates significantly.

Flashcard 62: State the formula for the natural increase rate.

Answer: Natural Increase Rate = Birth Rate - Death Rate. Shows population change from births minus deaths.

Flashcard 63: Identify a factor that influences mortality rates.

Answer: Healthcare access influences mortality rates. Better healthcare reduces death rates significantly.

Flashcard 64: Identify a factor that can lead to high fertility rates.

Answer: Cultural norms can contribute to high fertility rates. Traditional values often favor larger families.

Flashcard 65: What does the term 'demographic momentum' mean?

Answer: Demographic momentum is population growth despite low fertility rates. Large young populations continue growing temporarily.

Flashcard 66: What is the meaning of 'population distribution'?

Answer: Population distribution is the spatial arrangement of people within an area. Where people live across geographic space.

Flashcard 67: What is the primary purpose of a census?

Answer: A census collects data on population demographics and distribution. Comprehensive population count for planning purposes.

Flashcard 68: Which demographic measure indicates economic development?

Answer: Life expectancy indicates economic development. Longer lives indicate better living conditions.

Flashcard 69: What does the term 'total fertility rate' mean?

Answer: Total fertility rate is the average number of children per woman. Predicts family size based on current fertility patterns.

Flashcard 70: What is a key indicator of a developed country?

Answer: Low birth and death rates are indicators of a developed country. Advanced healthcare and education reduce vital rates.

Flashcard 71: What is the replacement fertility rate?

Answer: Replacement fertility rate is the number of children needed to replace parents. Maintains stable population without growth or decline.

Flashcard 72: What is the infant mortality rate?

Answer: Infant mortality rate is deaths of infants under 1 year per 1,000 live births. Measures newborn survival rates in societies.

Flashcard 73: Identify a push factor for migration.

Answer: Economic hardship is a push factor for migration. Poor conditions encourage people to leave areas.

Flashcard 74: State the definition of 'refugee'.

Answer: A refugee is someone forced to leave their country due to persecution. International protection for displaced persons fleeing danger.