Population Dynamics - AP Human Geography

Migration from rural to urban areas is the main cause of urban growth. Rural people seek urban economic opportunities.

Population Density = $\frac{\text{Total Population}}{\text{Land Area}}$. Divides total people by area size.

Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an environment can sustain. The environmental limit before resources become insufficient.

Crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year. Standard measure for comparing birth rates across countries.

Total fertility rate is the average number of children per woman. Predicts family size based on current fertility patterns.

Dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents to the working-age population. Shows economic burden on working adults.

Dependency Ratio = $\frac{\text{Dependents}}{\text{Working-age Population}} \times 100$. Measures burden of non-workers on working population.

The pre-industrial stage has high birth and death rates. Limited medical care causes high mortality.

Zero population growth is when birth rate equals death rate. Population remains stable with balanced vital rates.

An aging population can lead to increased healthcare costs. Elderly need more medical services and support.

Population explosion refers to rapid population increase post-World War II. Dramatic population increase in developing countries.

Implementing family planning programs can reduce population growth. Education and contraception access limit births.

The age-dependency ratio impacts economic productivity and support needs. Shows economic strain from supporting non-workers.

Migration from rural to urban areas is the main cause of urban growth. Rural people seek urban economic opportunities.

A census collects data on population demographics and distribution. Comprehensive population count for planning purposes.

The DTM describes population changes over time through stages. Framework showing demographic evolution patterns.

Life expectancy indicates economic development. Longer lives indicate better living conditions.

Doubling time is the period needed for a population to double in size. Calculated using population growth rate formulas.

Infant mortality rate is deaths of infants under 1 year per 1,000 live births. Measures newborn survival rates in societies.

Natural Increase Rate = Birth Rate - Death Rate. Shows population change from births minus deaths.

A population pyramid is a graphical representation of age and sex distribution. Visual tool showing demographic structure by age groups.

Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model has declining birth rates. Economic development reduces family size preferences.

Replacement fertility rate is the number of children needed to replace parents. Maintains stable population without growth or decline.

High emigration rates can lead to population decline. Out-migration reduces local population size.

Healthcare access influences mortality rates. Better healthcare reduces death rates significantly.

Demographic momentum is population growth despite low fertility rates. Large young populations continue growing temporarily.

Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model features low birth and death rates. Developed countries with stable populations.

Population distribution is the spatial arrangement of people within an area. Where people live across geographic space.

Cultural norms can contribute to high fertility rates. Traditional values often favor larger families.