Cities and Globalization - AP Human Geography

Increased inequality. Wealth gaps widen between rich and poor residents.

An area with different economic regulations than the rest of the country. Designated areas with relaxed trade and investment rules.

English. Lingua franca for global commerce and communication.

Expansion and modernization. Global trade demands better connectivity and capacity.

Contracting out business processes to external parties. Companies relocate operations to reduce costs.

Advancements in technology. Innovation drives cities to become global centers.

An economic approach favoring free-market capitalism. Emphasizes privatization and reduced government intervention.

Singapore. Strategic location for global shipping and commerce.

Economic growth. Access to global markets boosts local prosperity.

A city with a population over 10 million. Population threshold that defines massive urban centers.

Increased pollution. Industrial growth often leads to air and water contamination.

Enables faster communication and information sharing. Digital networks connect economies and cultures worldwide.

Global products tailored to local markets. Adapting global products to fit local preferences and culture.

Shift to service-oriented jobs. Manufacturing jobs decline while service jobs increase.

Idea that certain cities are control centers of the global economy. Theory that top cities dominate global economic networks.

Cultural homogenization. Global brands and practices replace local traditions.

Facilitates movement of goods and people. Essential infrastructure for global trade and mobility.

London. Hosts major banks and financial institutions globally.

Concentration of multinational corporations. Headquarters of major international companies.

A city that is a primary node in the global economic network. Commands global economic flows and decision-making.

Increased urbanization. More people move to cities seeking economic opportunities.

The process of increased interconnectedness among countries. Creates economic, cultural, and political links across borders.

The spread of cultural beliefs and activities. Ideas and practices spread from one culture to another.

Increased awareness of environmental issues. Global cooperation promotes environmental protection efforts.

The gap between those with and without access to digital technology. Unequal access to internet and digital resources.

The integration of national economies into the global economy. Trade and financial markets become internationally linked.

Vulnerability to disruptions. Economic shocks can ripple through connected networks.

Westernization. Adoption of Western values and lifestyle practices.

The decline of industrial activity in a region. Manufacturing jobs move elsewhere, leaving economic voids.