AP Biology Help - Learn by Concept

Learn by Concept

Concepts

• AP Biology

  • Biochemical Concepts

    • Macromolecules

      • Identify structure and purpose of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

      • Understanding Carbohydrates

    • Water and Carbon

      • Understanding Essential Properties of Carbon

      • Understanding Essential Properties of Water

  • Biomes

  • Cellular Biology

    • Cell Functions

      • Cellular Division+4 topics

        • Apply 3 laws of inheritance to meiosis

        • Understanding Meiosis

        • Understanding Mitosis

        • Understanding the Cell Cycle

      • Cellular Respiration+5 topics

        • Understand aerobic respiration

        • Understand pyruvate decarboxylation

        • Understanding Glycolysis

        • Understanding the Citric Acid Cycle

        • Understanding the Electron Transport Chain

    • Cell Structures

      • Identify how molecules move into and out of cells

      • Understand endosymbiotic theory

      • Understand functions of organelles in the cell

      • Understanding Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Differences

      • Understanding the Cell Membrane

    • Cellular Communications and Junctions

      • Understand types of signaling, receptors, and signaling molecules

      • Understanding Types of Cellular Communication

      • Understanding Types of Cellular Junctions

    • Types of Cells and Tissues

      • Understanding Connective Tissue

      • Understanding Epithelial and Endothelial Cells

      • Understanding Muscle Cells

      • Understanding Neural Cells

  • Cellular energetics

    • Understand ATP coupling

    • Understand structure and importance of ATP

  • Central dogma

    • Understand mutations that can arise

    • Understand steps of replication

    • Understand steps of transcription

  • Determine relationships of living organisms

  • DNA, RNA, and Proteins

    • DNA and RNA Structure

      • Understanding Differences Between DNA and RNA

      • Understanding Nucleotides and Base Pairs

      • Understanding the Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

    • DNA Repair and Replication

      • Understanding DNA Repair

    • Proteins

      • Understanding Amino Acids

      • Understanding Protein Folding and Structure

    • Transcription

      • Understand regulation of transcription

      • Understanding Post-Transcription Modification

    • Translation

      • Understanding Ribosomes, tRNA, and Anti-codons

      • Understanding Translation Processes

  • Ecology

    • Understand biodiversity

    • Understand differences between primary and secondary succession

    • Understand organisms' energy use

    • Understand population growth

    • Understand trophic levels and flow of energy

    • Understanding Eco-Chemical Cycles

    • Understanding Food Webs

  • Enzymes

    • Understand competitive and noncompetitive inhibition

    • Understand different models of enzyme function

    • Understand enzyme structure and purpose

    • Understand the effect of environment of the enzyme

  • Evolution and Genetics

    • Draw and interpret phylogenetic trees

    • Identify evolutionary change mechanisms

    • Inheritance

      • Perform chi squared test

      • Understand co-dominance

      • Understand epistasis

      • Understand incomplete dominance

      • Understanding Autosomal and Sex-Linked Inheritance

      • Understanding Dominant and Recessive Traits

      • Understanding Punnett Squares and Test Crosses

    • Natural Selection

      • Understanding Biological Fitness

      • Understanding Types of Selection

    • Population Genetics

      • Understand causes of genetic variation

      • Understanding Genetic Drift, Bottleneck Effect, and Founder Effect

      • Understanding Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions and Calculations

    • Speciation

      • Understanding Reproductive Barriers

      • Understanding Sympatric and Allopatric Speciation

    • Theorists and Evidence

      • Understanding Fossil Evidence

      • Understanding Lamarck

      • Understanding Mendel

      • Understanding Other Evidence

      • Understanding Other Theorists

      • Understanding Structural Evidence

  • Microorganisms and Viruses

    • Understanding Bacteria

    • Understanding Fungi

    • Understanding Protista

    • Understanding Viruses and Prions

  • Plant Biology

    • Classes of Plant

      • Understanding Angiosperms

      • Understanding Vascular and Avascular Plants

    • Photosynthesis

      • Understand inputs and outputs, purpose

      • Understand light dependent reactions

      • Understand light independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

    • Plant Evolution

      • Understanding Other Plant Evolution

      • Understanding the Water-Land Transition

    • Plant Functions

      • Understanding Other Plant Functions

      • Understanding Plant Reproduction

      • Understanding Water and Nutrient Transport

    • Plant Structures

      • Cellular Structures+2 topics

        • Understanding Chloroplasts

        • Understanding Other Plant Cell Structures

      • Macrostructures+4 topics

        • Understanding Leaves

        • Understanding Other Plant Macrostructures

        • Understanding Seeds, Flowers, and Fruits

        • Understanding Xylem and Phloem

  • Systems Physiology

    • Circulatory System

      • Circulatory Anatomy+2 topics

        • Understanding Heart Anatomy

        • Understanding Vasculature

      • Circulatory Physiology+7 topics

        • Cardiac Physiology+2 topics

          • Understanding Electrical Stimulation in the Heart

          • Understanding Other Cardiac Physiology

        • Vascular Physiology+3 topics

          • Understanding Hemoglobin and Transport

          • Understanding Osmotic and Oncotic Pressure

          • Understanding Other Vascular Physiology

    • Digestive System

      • Digestive Anatomy+2 topics

        • Understanding the Lower Digestive tract: Small Intestine to Rectum

        • Understanding the Upper Digestive Tract: Mouth to Stomach

      • Digestive Physiology+3 topics

        • Understanding Emulsification

        • Understanding Other Digestive Physiology

        • Understanding Stomach Enzymes and Cell Types

    • Endocrine System

      • Understanding Glands

      • Understanding Hormones

      • Understanding the Pituitary and Hypothalamus

    • Excretory System

      • Excretory Anatomy+2 topics

        • Understanding Kidney and Nephron Anatomy

        • Understanding Other Excretory Anatomy

      • Excretory Physiology+3 topics

        • Understanding Nephron Physiology and Ion Reabsorption

        • Understanding Other Excretory Physiology

        • Understanding Water Balance

    • Immune System

      • Understanding Antibodies and Antigens

      • Understanding Cell Types

      • Understanding Immunoglobulins

      • Understanding Other Immune System Components

      • Understanding the Adaptive Immune Response

      • Understanding the Innate Immune Response

    • Nervous System

      • Divisions of the Nervous System+3 topics

        • Understanding the Autonomic and Somatic Divisions

        • Understanding the Central and Peripheral Divisions

        • Understanding the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

      • Neural Anatomy+3 topics

        • Understanding Neurons

        • Understanding the Brain and Brain Structures

        • Understanding the Spinal Cord

      • Neural Physiology+5 topics

        • Understanding Action Potentials

        • Understanding Afferent and Efferent Neurons

        • Understanding Neurotransmitters

        • Understanding Other Neural Physiology

        • Understanding Reflexes

    • Reproductive System

      • Reproductive Anatomy+2 topics

        • Understanding External Anatomy

        • Understanding Internal Anatomy

      • Reproductive Physiology+3 topics

        • Understanding Embryogenesis and Development

        • Understanding Gametogenesis

        • Understanding Other Reproductive Physiology

    • Respiratory System

      • Respiratory Anatomy+2 topics

        • Understanding Alveoli

        • Understanding Other Respiratory Anatomy

      • Respiratory Physiology+3 topics

        • Understanding Gas Exchange

        • Understanding Other Respiratory Physiology

        • Understanding Pressure Differentials

  • Understand basic chemistry

  • Use the taxonomic classification system