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This deck focuses on Mutations, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for AP Biology.
AP Biology Flashcards: Mutations
Study Mutations in AP Biology with focused flashcards that help you recognize the idea, recall the key rule, and apply it in practice-style prompts.
AP Biology
Mutations
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What is induced mutation?
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ANSWER
A mutation caused by environmental factors. Results from exposure to mutagens in the environment.
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Flashcard 1: What is induced mutation?
Answer: A mutation caused by environmental factors. Results from exposure to mutagens in the environment.
Flashcard 2: Identify the type of mutation: ACTG to ACG.
Answer: A deletion mutation. One nucleotide (T) was removed, shortening the sequence.
Flashcard 3: What is a back mutation?
Answer: A mutation that reverses the effect of a previous mutation. Restores original gene function through reversion.
Flashcard 4: What is a neutral mutation?
Answer: A mutation with no effect on an organism's fitness. Does not affect survival or reproductive success.
Flashcard 5: What is a conditional mutation?
Answer: A mutation that expresses under certain conditions. Temperature-sensitive or other environmental triggers.
Flashcard 6: What is a nonsense mutation?
Answer: A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon. Truncates protein synthesis early, often disrupting function.
Flashcard 7: What is a spontaneous mutation?
Answer: A mutation that occurs without external influence. Arises from normal cellular processes like DNA replication errors.
Flashcard 8: Identify mutation: change results in a stop codon.
Answer: Nonsense mutation. Creates premature termination of protein synthesis.
Flashcard 9: What is an advantageous mutation?
Answer: A mutation that provides a survival benefit. Improves fitness and may be selected for.
Flashcard 10: What is a nonsense mutation?
Answer: A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon. Truncates protein synthesis early, often disrupting function.
Flashcard 11: What is a back mutation?
Answer: A mutation that reverses the effect of a previous mutation. Restores original gene function through reversion.
Flashcard 12: What is a lethal mutation?
Answer: A mutation that results in the death of the organism. Severely impairs organism survival or reproduction.
Flashcard 13: What is a silent mutation?
Answer: A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence. Due to genetic code degeneracy, same amino acid encoded.
Flashcard 14: What is a translocation mutation?
Answer: A mutation where chromosome segments are rearranged. Moves genetic material between different chromosomes.
Flashcard 15: What is a mutation?
Answer: A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. The fundamental alteration that can affect gene function.
Flashcard 16: What type of mutation: substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine?
Answer: Transversion mutation. Purine to pyrimidine or pyrimidine to purine substitution.
Flashcard 17: What is a mutation?
Answer: A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. The fundamental alteration that can affect gene function.
Flashcard 18: Identify mutation type: a single base change does not alter protein sequence.
Answer: Silent mutation. Synonymous substitution maintains protein sequence.
Flashcard 19: What is a translocation mutation?
Answer: A mutation where chromosome segments are rearranged. Moves genetic material between different chromosomes.
Flashcard 20: Identify mutation: segment of chromosome is deleted.
Answer: Deletion mutation. Loss of genetic material and associated genes.
Flashcard 21: What is genomic instability?
Answer: Increased tendency of genome to acquire mutations. Defective DNA repair leads to mutation accumulation.
Flashcard 22: Identify mutation: segment of chromosome is deleted.
Answer: Deletion mutation. Loss of genetic material and associated genes.
Flashcard 23: Which mutation: exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes?
Answer: Translocation mutation. Segments move from one chromosome to another.
Flashcard 24: Which mutation: exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes?
Answer: Translocation mutation. Segments move from one chromosome to another.
Flashcard 25: Identify mutation type: CCG to CCA where both code for Proline.
Answer: Silent mutation. Genetic code degeneracy allows same amino acid coding.
Flashcard 26: What is a spontaneous mutation?
Answer: A mutation that occurs without external influence. Arises from normal cellular processes like DNA replication errors.
Flashcard 27: Identify the mutation type: ATCG to ATCCG.
Answer: An insertion mutation. An extra C was added between positions 3 and 4.
Flashcard 28: Identify mutation: a segment of chromosome is duplicated.
Answer: Duplication mutation. Creates extra copies of genes in that segment.
Flashcard 29: Which mutation type: AAG to AAA?
Answer: A silent mutation. Both codons encode lysine due to genetic code redundancy.
Flashcard 30: Identify mutation type: a single base change does not alter protein sequence.
Answer: Silent mutation. Synonymous substitution maintains protein sequence.
Flashcard 31: What is a missense mutation?
Answer: A mutation that results in a different amino acid. Changes protein structure by altering amino acid sequence.
Flashcard 32: What is a neutral mutation?
Answer: A mutation with no effect on an organism's fitness. Does not affect survival or reproductive success.
Flashcard 33: What is a missense mutation?
Answer: A mutation that results in a different amino acid. Changes protein structure by altering amino acid sequence.
Flashcard 34: What is a genetic mutation?
Answer: A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence. Cannot be reversed and passes to offspring if in gametes.
Flashcard 35: What is an inversion mutation?
Answer: A mutation where a chromosome segment is reversed. Gene order is flipped but all genes remain present.
Flashcard 36: Identify mutation type: substitution of a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine.
Answer: Transition mutation. Same chemical class substitution (purine-purine or pyrimidine-pyrimidine).
Flashcard 37: What is a lethal mutation?
Answer: A mutation that results in the death of the organism. Severely impairs organism survival or reproduction.
Flashcard 38: What is a gene duplication mutation?
Answer: A mutation that results in multiple copies of a gene. Can lead to gene dosage effects and imbalances.
Flashcard 39: Identify the mutation type: ATCG to ATCCG.
Answer: An insertion mutation. An extra C was added between positions 3 and 4.
Flashcard 40: Which mutation type: AAG to AAA?
Answer: A silent mutation. Both codons encode lysine due to genetic code redundancy.
Flashcard 41: What is a genetic mutation?
Answer: A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence. Cannot be reversed and passes to offspring if in gametes.
Flashcard 42: Identify mutation type: insertion of a nucleotide alters protein function.
Answer: Frameshift mutation. Insertion disrupts reading frame, altering all downstream codons.
Flashcard 43: Identify mutation: change results in a stop codon.
Answer: Nonsense mutation. Creates premature termination of protein synthesis.
Flashcard 44: What is a tumor suppressor gene?
Answer: A gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. Prevents cancer by regulating cell division.
Flashcard 45: Identify the mutation: a single nucleotide is replaced, resulting in an amino acid change.
Answer: Missense mutation. Point mutation that alters the encoded amino acid.
Flashcard 46: Identify the mutation type: ATGC to AGGC.
Answer: A transversion mutation. T (pyrimidine) to G (purine) is purine-pyrimidine switch.
Flashcard 47: Identify mutation type: an extra chromosome is present.
Answer: Aneuploidy. Abnormal chromosome number disrupts gene dosage.
Flashcard 48: Identify mutation: a segment of chromosome is duplicated.
Answer: Duplication mutation. Creates extra copies of genes in that segment.
Flashcard 49: What is a mutagen?
Answer: An agent that induces mutations in DNA. External factors that increase mutation rates.
Flashcard 50: What is a frameshift mutation?
Answer: A mutation that shifts the reading frame of codons. Insertions or deletions shift all downstream codons.
Flashcard 51: Identify the mutation type: ATGC to AGGC.
Answer: A transversion mutation. T (pyrimidine) to G (purine) is purine-pyrimidine switch.
Flashcard 52: What is a frameshift mutation consequence?
Answer: Altered reading frame leading to incorrect protein synthesis. Disrupts triplet codon reading pattern downstream.
Flashcard 53: What is a frameshift mutation?
Answer: A mutation that shifts the reading frame of codons. Insertions or deletions shift all downstream codons.
Flashcard 54: Identify the type of mutation: ACTG to ACG.
Answer: A deletion mutation. One nucleotide (T) was removed, shortening the sequence.
Flashcard 55: What is a genetic disorder caused by mutations?
Answer: A disease resulting from gene mutations. Mutations disrupt normal gene function causing illness.
Flashcard 56: Identify mutation type: substitution of a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine.
Answer: Transition mutation. Same chemical class substitution (purine-purine or pyrimidine-pyrimidine).
Flashcard 57: What is an advantageous mutation?
Answer: A mutation that provides a survival benefit. Improves fitness and may be selected for.
Flashcard 58: What is an inversion mutation?
Answer: A mutation where a chromosome segment is reversed. Gene order is flipped but all genes remain present.
Flashcard 59: What is a chromosomal mutation?
Answer: A mutation that affects the structure of chromosomes. Large-scale changes involving chromosome structure.
Flashcard 60: What is a chromosomal mutation?
Answer: A mutation that affects the structure of chromosomes. Large-scale changes involving chromosome structure.
Flashcard 61: What is a gene duplication mutation?
Answer: A mutation that results in multiple copies of a gene. Can lead to gene dosage effects and imbalances.
Flashcard 62: What is a silent mutation?
Answer: A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence. Due to genetic code degeneracy, same amino acid encoded.
Flashcard 63: What is induced mutation?
Answer: A mutation caused by environmental factors. Results from exposure to mutagens in the environment.
Flashcard 64: What is a mutagen?
Answer: An agent that induces mutations in DNA. External factors that increase mutation rates.
Flashcard 65: What is a genetic disorder caused by mutations?
Answer: A disease resulting from gene mutations. Mutations disrupt normal gene function causing illness.
Flashcard 66: What is a conditional mutation?
Answer: A mutation that expresses under certain conditions. Temperature-sensitive or other environmental triggers.
Flashcard 67: Identify mutation type: CCG to CCA where both code for Proline.
Answer: Silent mutation. Genetic code degeneracy allows same amino acid coding.
Flashcard 68: Identify mutation type: insertion of a nucleotide alters protein function.
Answer: Frameshift mutation. Insertion disrupts reading frame, altering all downstream codons.
Flashcard 69: Identify the mutation: a single nucleotide is replaced, resulting in an amino acid change.
Answer: Missense mutation. Point mutation that alters the encoded amino acid.