DNA and RNA Structure - AP Biology

To initiate transcription. Binding site for RNA polymerase to start transcription.

Translation. Second step where ribosomes decode mRNA into protein.

To initiate transcription. Binding site for RNA polymerase to start transcription.

To remove introns from mRNA. RNA-protein complexes that process pre-mRNA in eukaryotes.

Guanine. Forms three hydrogen bonds in complementary base pairing.

RNA. Unlike DNA's double-stranded structure, RNA exists as single strand.

A coding region in mRNA. Remains in mature mRNA after splicing removes introns.

Helicase. Breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs to separate strands.

rRNA (ribosomal RNA). Structural component that catalyzes peptide bond formation.

Three. Triplet code determines which amino acid is added.

Three. G-C pairs are stronger than A-T pairs with two bonds.

AUG. Signals ribosome to begin protein synthesis.

RNA polymerase. Reads DNA template strand to create complementary RNA.

Two. A-T pairs are weaker than G-C pairs with three bonds.

To synthesize new DNA strands. Adds nucleotides in 5' to 3' direction during replication.

To join Okazaki fragments. Seals breaks between DNA fragments on lagging strand.

Uracil. RNA uses uracil instead of thymine for adenine pairing.

Adenine and Guanine. Double-ring structures with nine-membered purine base.

To bring amino acids to ribosomes. Transfer molecules that deliver specific amino acids during translation.

A pairs with T, C pairs with G. Complementary base pairing ensures DNA stability and replication.

Guanine. Forms three hydrogen bonds in complementary base pairing.

To join Okazaki fragments. Seals breaks between DNA fragments on lagging strand.

Two. A-T pairs are weaker than G-C pairs with three bonds.

Uracil. RNA uses uracil instead of thymine for adenine pairing.

Deoxyribose. Missing one hydroxyl group compared to RNA's ribose.

DNA → RNA → Protein. Information flow from genes to functional proteins.

To bring amino acids to ribosomes. Transfer molecules that deliver specific amino acids during translation.

Adenine and Guanine. Double-ring structures with nine-membered purine base.

To remove introns from mRNA. RNA-protein complexes that process pre-mRNA in eukaryotes.