Mutations - AP Biology
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Identify the mutation: a single nucleotide is replaced, resulting in an amino acid change.
Identify the mutation: a single nucleotide is replaced, resulting in an amino acid change.
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Missense mutation. Point mutation that alters the encoded amino acid.
Missense mutation. Point mutation that alters the encoded amino acid.
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Identify the mutation type: ATGC to AGGC.
Identify the mutation type: ATGC to AGGC.
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A transversion mutation. T (pyrimidine) to G (purine) is purine-pyrimidine switch.
A transversion mutation. T (pyrimidine) to G (purine) is purine-pyrimidine switch.
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Identify the mutation type: ATCG to ATCCG.
Identify the mutation type: ATCG to ATCCG.
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An insertion mutation. An extra C was added between positions 3 and 4.
An insertion mutation. An extra C was added between positions 3 and 4.
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Identify mutation: a segment of chromosome is duplicated.
Identify mutation: a segment of chromosome is duplicated.
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Duplication mutation. Creates extra copies of genes in that segment.
Duplication mutation. Creates extra copies of genes in that segment.
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Which mutation: exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes?
Which mutation: exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes?
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Translocation mutation. Segments move from one chromosome to another.
Translocation mutation. Segments move from one chromosome to another.
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What is a mutagen?
What is a mutagen?
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An agent that induces mutations in DNA. External factors that increase mutation rates.
An agent that induces mutations in DNA. External factors that increase mutation rates.
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What is an inversion mutation?
What is an inversion mutation?
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A mutation where a chromosome segment is reversed. Gene order is flipped but all genes remain present.
A mutation where a chromosome segment is reversed. Gene order is flipped but all genes remain present.
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What is a tumor suppressor gene?
What is a tumor suppressor gene?
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A gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. Prevents cancer by regulating cell division.
A gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. Prevents cancer by regulating cell division.
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What is a neutral mutation?
What is a neutral mutation?
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A mutation with no effect on an organism's fitness. Does not affect survival or reproductive success.
A mutation with no effect on an organism's fitness. Does not affect survival or reproductive success.
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What is an inversion mutation?
What is an inversion mutation?
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A mutation where a chromosome segment is reversed. Gene order is flipped but all genes remain present.
A mutation where a chromosome segment is reversed. Gene order is flipped but all genes remain present.
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What is a mutagen?
What is a mutagen?
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An agent that induces mutations in DNA. External factors that increase mutation rates.
An agent that induces mutations in DNA. External factors that increase mutation rates.
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What is induced mutation?
What is induced mutation?
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A mutation caused by environmental factors. Results from exposure to mutagens in the environment.
A mutation caused by environmental factors. Results from exposure to mutagens in the environment.
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What is a conditional mutation?
What is a conditional mutation?
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A mutation that expresses under certain conditions. Temperature-sensitive or other environmental triggers.
A mutation that expresses under certain conditions. Temperature-sensitive or other environmental triggers.
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What is a translocation mutation?
What is a translocation mutation?
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A mutation where chromosome segments are rearranged. Moves genetic material between different chromosomes.
A mutation where chromosome segments are rearranged. Moves genetic material between different chromosomes.
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What is a gene duplication mutation?
What is a gene duplication mutation?
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A mutation that results in multiple copies of a gene. Can lead to gene dosage effects and imbalances.
A mutation that results in multiple copies of a gene. Can lead to gene dosage effects and imbalances.
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Identify mutation type: substitution of a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine.
Identify mutation type: substitution of a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine.
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Transition mutation. Same chemical class substitution (purine-purine or pyrimidine-pyrimidine).
Transition mutation. Same chemical class substitution (purine-purine or pyrimidine-pyrimidine).
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Identify mutation type: a single base change does not alter protein sequence.
Identify mutation type: a single base change does not alter protein sequence.
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Silent mutation. Synonymous substitution maintains protein sequence.
Silent mutation. Synonymous substitution maintains protein sequence.
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Identify mutation: segment of chromosome is deleted.
Identify mutation: segment of chromosome is deleted.
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Deletion mutation. Loss of genetic material and associated genes.
Deletion mutation. Loss of genetic material and associated genes.
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What is a lethal mutation?
What is a lethal mutation?
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A mutation that results in the death of the organism. Severely impairs organism survival or reproduction.
A mutation that results in the death of the organism. Severely impairs organism survival or reproduction.
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Identify mutation: a segment of chromosome is duplicated.
Identify mutation: a segment of chromosome is duplicated.
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Duplication mutation. Creates extra copies of genes in that segment.
Duplication mutation. Creates extra copies of genes in that segment.
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What is a chromosomal mutation?
What is a chromosomal mutation?
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A mutation that affects the structure of chromosomes. Large-scale changes involving chromosome structure.
A mutation that affects the structure of chromosomes. Large-scale changes involving chromosome structure.
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What is a mutation?
What is a mutation?
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A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. The fundamental alteration that can affect gene function.
A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. The fundamental alteration that can affect gene function.
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What is a frameshift mutation?
What is a frameshift mutation?
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A mutation that shifts the reading frame of codons. Insertions or deletions shift all downstream codons.
A mutation that shifts the reading frame of codons. Insertions or deletions shift all downstream codons.
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What is a genetic disorder caused by mutations?
What is a genetic disorder caused by mutations?
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A disease resulting from gene mutations. Mutations disrupt normal gene function causing illness.
A disease resulting from gene mutations. Mutations disrupt normal gene function causing illness.
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Identify mutation type: insertion of a nucleotide alters protein function.
Identify mutation type: insertion of a nucleotide alters protein function.
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Frameshift mutation. Insertion disrupts reading frame, altering all downstream codons.
Frameshift mutation. Insertion disrupts reading frame, altering all downstream codons.
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What is a nonsense mutation?
What is a nonsense mutation?
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A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon. Truncates protein synthesis early, often disrupting function.
A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon. Truncates protein synthesis early, often disrupting function.
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What is a back mutation?
What is a back mutation?
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A mutation that reverses the effect of a previous mutation. Restores original gene function through reversion.
A mutation that reverses the effect of a previous mutation. Restores original gene function through reversion.
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Identify mutation: change results in a stop codon.
Identify mutation: change results in a stop codon.
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Nonsense mutation. Creates premature termination of protein synthesis.
Nonsense mutation. Creates premature termination of protein synthesis.
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Which mutation: exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes?
Which mutation: exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes?
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Translocation mutation. Segments move from one chromosome to another.
Translocation mutation. Segments move from one chromosome to another.
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What is a silent mutation?
What is a silent mutation?
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A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence. Due to genetic code degeneracy, same amino acid encoded.
A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence. Due to genetic code degeneracy, same amino acid encoded.
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