Multiple Genres: Analyzing Argumentative Texts: Claims and Evidence (TEKS.ELA.8.8.E.i)
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Texas 8th Grade ELA › Multiple Genres: Analyzing Argumentative Texts: Claims and Evidence (TEKS.ELA.8.8.E.i)
Smartphones are powerful tools, but during class they function more like magnets for distraction than instruments for learning. Schools should adopt a phone-free classroom policy during instructional time. Research from multiple districts shows that when phones are stored away, on-task behavior improves and grades nudge upward. Teachers report spending less time repeating directions, and students describe feeling less pressure to respond instantly to group chats. In one nearby middle school, a month-long pilot using lockable pouches led to fewer tardies, calmer transitions, and more class discussion. Critics worry that phones are necessary for emergencies, yet campuses already provide systems for contacting families through the front office, and nurses carry radios for urgent situations. Another concern is that some lessons use apps; however, schools can provide shared tablets or laptops when a digital tool truly advances learning goals. A phone-free policy does not ban technology; it simply sets a clear boundary during lessons so attention belongs to the task at hand. By reducing constant notifications and social distractions, we give every student a better chance to focus, participate, and succeed.
Which statement best expresses the author's central claim?
A month-long pilot with lockable pouches led to fewer tardies and calmer transitions.
Schools should adopt a phone-free classroom policy during instructional time.
Teachers must design more entertaining lessons so students will ignore their phones.
Phones can be helpful for emergencies and after-school communication.
Explanation
The author argues for a phone-free policy during instructional time and uses studies, teacher reports, and counterargument rebuttals as support. The other options are evidence, alternative suggestions, or concessions, not the main claim.
Central Texas is no stranger to drought, and our city needs a consistent plan that protects water supplies before reservoirs hit crisis levels. We should adopt an odd-even lawn-watering schedule year-round. Under this policy, homes with odd-numbered addresses water on odd dates, and even-numbered addresses water on even dates, with no watering during the hottest afternoon hours. This simple rule spreads demand without requiring expensive meters or complicated apps. The Edwards Aquifer and area lakes drop quickly in long, dry summers; when everyone waters on weekends, pressure spikes and waste increases through runoff. Nearby towns that used odd-even schedules saw steady reductions in consumption while yards stayed healthy, especially when paired with native grasses and mulch. Some residents worry about enforcement, but the policy relies first on education and a small number of patrols, not hefty fines. Others argue that seasonal rules are enough, yet droughts do not follow calendars. A year-round schedule builds habits that matter when rain is scarce. By adopting this predictable, fair system now, our city can conserve water, keep bills stable, and ensure that neighborhoods and wildlife have what they need in the months ahead.
Which statement best states the author's central claim?
The Edwards Aquifer and nearby lakes drop quickly in long, dry summers.
Residents could plant native grasses and use mulch to keep yards healthy.
The policy would prohibit watering during the hottest afternoon hours.
Our city should adopt an odd-even lawn-watering schedule year-round.
Explanation
The central argument is to adopt a year-round odd-even watering schedule. The other options are pieces of evidence or implementation details that support, but do not constitute, the main claim.
Middle schoolers are not lazy; their sleep cycles shift later during adolescence, and our district's current 7:30 a.m. start ignores that science. We should move the first bell to 8:45 a.m. Research from pediatric groups links later start times to better attendance, improved mood, and higher achievement. When students arrive rested, they focus longer, participate more, and make safer choices after school. A neighboring district shifted schedules last year and saw fewer tardies and nurse visits in the first semester. Transportation obstacles are real, but our bus routes already stagger by level; sliding middle schools later while keeping elementary earlier uses the same drivers more efficiently. Some families worry about sports and clubs, yet coaches can adjust practice windows, and community centers can offer supervised study halls for those who wait on rides. Homework and jobs don't vanish at 9 p.m., but earlier bedtimes alone will not fix biology. We ask students to show up prepared to learn; the least we can do is time the day so their brains are ready. An 8:45 start respects health without sacrificing academics.
Which option states the author's main claim?
We should move the middle school first bell to 8:45 a.m.
Some families worry about sports and clubs if the schedule shifts.
A neighboring district saw fewer tardies and nurse visits after changing schedules.
Coaches can adjust practice windows and community centers can offer supervised study halls.
Explanation
The author argues for shifting the start time to 8:45 a.m. The other choices are concerns, evidence, or supporting solutions, not the central position.
Waiting for the bus should not feel dangerous, yet summer heat in Texas turns uncovered stops into metal ovens. The city should install shaded, ventilated bus shelters near schools and major transfer points. Heat indexes regularly soar, and students, seniors, and workers often wait 20 minutes or more without relief. Shade structures with vented roofs and open sides lower temperatures dramatically by blocking direct sun and allowing airflow. Simple additions—trees, light-colored materials, and raised benches—reduce heat absorption and keep pavement cooler. Transit agencies in other hot regions reported fewer heat-related incidents and higher ridership after adding shade. Some say shelters cost too much, but targeted installation along the most-used routes spreads benefits quickly, and grants for climate resilience can offset expenses. Others argue that people can carry umbrellas; however, many riders have full hands, and wind makes handheld shade unreliable. Safer, more comfortable stops help students get to class on time, support workers, and encourage families to try transit. Investing in shade is a practical step that protects health now and builds a more welcoming system for everyone.
Which statement best captures the author's central claim?
Summer heat in Texas turns uncovered bus stops into metal ovens.
Trees, light-colored materials, and raised benches can lower surface temperatures.
The city should install shaded, ventilated bus shelters near schools and major transfer points.
Umbrellas are unreliable in wind and many riders have full hands.
Explanation
The author's central claim is that the city should install shaded, ventilated shelters. The other options are supporting evidence or details that help justify the claim but are not the claim itself.
Some students set alarms before sunrise just to make it to first period, but that doesn't mean they're lazy. Teenagers' sleep cycles shift later during adolescence, and national medical groups recommend 8-10 hours of sleep. When schools start at 7:30, many students are functioning on far less. The result is predictable: drowsy classes, slower reaction times on the road, and more absences. Districts that pushed start times later saw higher attendance and improved grades, and coaches reported athletes were sharper at practice. Critics worry about after-school activities and bus schedules, but both can be adjusted with staggered routes and slightly shifted practice times. A later bell does not require new buildings or higher taxes; it requires a calendar that matches science. Parents, teachers, and bus drivers deserve a plan that keeps students alert and safe. We adjust lunch menus for nutrition and classroom temperatures for comfort; we should be just as willing to adjust the clock for health. Our community can pilot a 45-minute delay next semester and evaluate results, but waiting another year only prolongs a problem we already know how to fix.
Which statement best expresses the author's central claim?
Teenagers need 8-10 hours of sleep to function well.
Our district should move middle and high school start times at least 45 minutes later.
Bus routes can be adjusted in phases without raising taxes.
Lack of sleep leads to lower grades and more tardies.
Explanation
The author argues that the district should shift start times later; all other statements are supporting reasons or details, not the central claim.
Living in Texas means learning to share water, especially when drought tightens its grip. Yet our neighborhoods still prize wide, thirsty lawns that gulp gallons each week. The city should adopt drought-smart landscaping rules: limit lawn watering to designated days and offer rebates for replacing grass with native plants. Native prairie grasses and shrubs survive on rainfall most of the year, cutting water use and yard costs without turning yards into gravel pits. Other Texas communities that shifted incentives saw steady drops in summer demand and fewer emergency restrictions. Some homeowners fear brown yards or lost property value, but landscapes designed with shade trees, mulch, and region-appropriate plants can be attractive and cool. These policies would not ban lawns; they would curb waste and reward smart choices. Clear rules also make enforcement fair, so responsible households aren't punished for conserving while neighbors over-sprinkle. With aquifer levels swinging wildly, every gallon we save now helps avoid stricter bans later. If we want affordable water and resilient neighborhoods, we need a plan that matches our climate, not a fantasy of endless sprinklers.
Which statement best expresses the author's central claim?
Native plants can create cool, attractive yards with less water.
Texans must save the planet by changing every yard immediately.
Homeowners can keep small patches of grass if they conserve.
The city should limit lawn watering and offer rebates for native landscaping.
Explanation
The central argument is for city policies limiting watering and incentivizing native landscaping; the other choices are supporting points or an overly broad claim.
Smartphones are powerful tools, but in classrooms they often work against learning. Notifications split attention, and even a quick glance can derail a chain of thought. That's why schools should require phone-free classrooms during instructional time. In a nearby district's pilot, students stored phones in simple pouches at the door; within weeks, teachers reported fewer interruptions and more discussion. Quiz scores rose, and hallway conflicts linked to social media posts dropped. Some argue that phones are needed for research, but laptops and school-managed tablets already provide internet access without the constant buzz of group chats. Emergencies? Families can call the front office, and teachers keep their own devices for urgent alerts. Cost is manageable: lockable sleeves or classroom caddies are cheaper than a single graphing calculator, and many campuses already own them. This policy doesn't punish students; it protects focus, reduces stress, and creates a space where conversations aren't competing with a feed. When the bell rings for lunch or after school, phones come out. During lessons, they should stay out of sight so minds can stay on the work.
Which statement best expresses the author's central claim?
Schools should require phone-free classrooms during instructional time.
A pilot program saw quiz scores rise when phones were stored.
Teachers should collect phones only on Fridays.
Laptops and school-managed tablets already provide internet access.
Explanation
The author argues for phone-free classrooms during instructional time; the other options are supporting evidence or a narrower, unrelated proposal.
Texas heat is not just uncomfortable; it's a safety issue for students who wait at unsheltered bus stops. Our city should add shade structures and plant hardy trees at stops near schools to reduce heat risk. On triple-digit afternoons, metal benches burn to the touch, and shade can drop surface temperatures dramatically. Nurses report more headaches and dizziness on scorchers, and younger students are especially vulnerable. Simple roofs, perforated panels for airflow, and two drought-tough trees per site would make a big difference for a modest cost, especially if we pair city funds with neighborhood volunteers. Some say families can solve this by bringing umbrellas, water bottles, and hats--and they should. But public infrastructure must meet public conditions. We already paint crosswalks and add flashing lights where students cross; shade is the same kind of basic protection. Pilot ten shaded stops this fall, gather temperature and ridership data, and use it to scale the program. With summers growing longer and hotter, helping students reach school safely and comfortably is not a luxury; it's the city's responsibility.
Which statement best expresses the author's central claim?
Heat waves have grown longer and hotter in recent summers.
Families should bring umbrellas, water, and hats to bus stops.
The city should add shaded structures and plant trees at bus stops near schools.
Shade can drop surface temperatures on benches dramatically.
Explanation
The central claim is that the city should install shade structures and trees at bus stops near schools; the other choices are supporting details or secondary suggestions.