Read the passage, then answer: Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

For centuries, sailors crossing wide oceans rely on the sun, stars, and careful notes. They can measure direction fairly well, but knowing exact east-west position is much harder. This problem is called finding longitude. If a ship misjudges it, the crew may miss an island, strike rocks, or run out of supplies before reaching land.

Many leaders offer prizes for a good solution. Scientists suggest using the moon’s position, but the calculations are slow and difficult on a rocking ship. What sailors truly need is a way to compare local time on the ship with the time at a known starting point. The difference between those times can reveal longitude.

A clockmaker named John Harrison believes a strong, accurate sea clock can solve the problem. Yet building such a clock is not simple. Changes in temperature, salty air, and constant motion can make a clock lose or gain minutes. Harrison spends years testing new designs, replacing parts, and improving balance and springs.

At last, his timekeepers perform well on sea voyages. When captains can trust the clock, they can calculate longitude with much greater confidence. Ships begin to travel safer routes, and maps become more reliable.

Harrison’s work shows how patience and careful design can change history. A tool small enough to fit in a cabin helps protect crews, cargo, and lives across the ocean.

Read the passage, then answer: Which of the following would make the most suitable title for this passage?

Aisha’s class visits a museum with a new exhibit about ancient writing. At the entrance, a guide shows them clay tablets marked with tiny wedge shapes. The guide explains that these marks are cuneiform, one of the earliest writing systems, used thousands of years ago.

At first, Aisha thinks the symbols look like random scratches. Then the guide demonstrates how a scribe presses a reed into soft clay to make each mark. The angle of the reed creates different shapes. Once the tablet dries, the message can last for centuries.

The exhibit includes a game where students try writing their names using wedge marks. Aisha discovers that writing is not only about letters. It is about recording ideas so they can travel through time. She imagines a merchant tracking goods, a farmer counting grain, or a student practicing words.

Before leaving, Aisha reads a sign that says writing changes civilizations. It allows laws, stories, and plans to be shared beyond one person’s memory.

On the bus ride home, Aisha notices how often she writes without thinking. The museum makes her see writing as an invention that connects people across generations.

Read the passage, then answer: Which title best captures the essence of the passage?

Dr. Chien-Shiung Wu grows up in China loving science and school. Her parents open a school for girls, which is unusual at the time, and they encourage her to ask questions. Wu studies hard and later travels to the United States to continue her education in physics.

Physics can be challenging, and Wu faces more than difficult homework. Some people doubt that a woman can succeed in advanced science. Wu responds by focusing on careful experiments. She becomes known for her skill in the laboratory, where she measures tiny changes and checks results again and again.

During the mid-1900s, scientists debate how certain particles behave. Wu helps test an important idea by designing an experiment that requires extreme precision and low temperatures. Her work provides strong evidence that changes how scientists understand the rules of nature.

Wu also teaches and mentors students. She expects them to be accurate, but she also wants them to be brave enough to explore new ideas. Her career shows that talent grows with effort and opportunity.

Wu’s legacy is not just in scientific results. It is in her example of determination and careful thinking.

Read the passage, then answer: Which title best captures the essence of the passage?

On the island of Maui, people wake before sunrise for a special event. They climb a high slope where the air feels cool and thin. Some bring blankets, while others carry small instruments. Everyone faces the horizon and waits.

As the sky lightens, a chant begins. The words honor the sun and the new day. The chant is not meant to be loud or showy. It is steady and respectful. Visitors are asked to listen quietly and avoid blocking others’ view.

When the sun finally appears, the crowd grows silent. Light spreads across clouds and rocks. The moment feels both ordinary and rare, because sunrise happens every day, yet it never looks exactly the same.

Afterward, people talk softly as they begin walking down. Some share stories about why they came: to celebrate a birthday, to remember a loved one, or simply to feel connected to nature.

The gathering shows how a natural event can also become a tradition, shaping how people treat a place and each other.

Read the passage, then answer: Based on the passage, which title is most appropriate?

Sofia joins the school robotics club because she likes building things. At the first meeting, the coach announces a challenge: design a robot that can pick up plastic bottles and sort them into bins. The club members cheer, but Sofia feels nervous. She has never used the tiny tools or written code before.

During practice, her team argues about what to build. One student wants a fast robot with wheels. Another wants a strong robot with a wide claw. Sofia listens and sketches quietly. She notices that bottles roll away when the claw reaches too quickly. She suggests adding a simple guard in front, like a small fence.

The team tests her idea using cardboard. The guard keeps bottles from slipping sideways. Next, Sofia asks to learn the programming. She makes mistakes, and the robot spins in circles at first. Instead of giving up, she changes one line at a time and watches what happens.

On competition day, the robot moves steadily. It is not the fastest, but it is reliable. When other robots drop bottles, Sofia’s team keeps sorting. They win a prize for “Best Problem Solving.”

Sofia realizes she did not become confident overnight. She earned it by paying attention, speaking up, and improving through practice.

Read the passage, then answer: Based on the passage, which title is most appropriate?

Niko wants to impress his older cousin by hiking to Eagle Point, a lookout above their campsite. The trail is marked, but Niko believes he can find a faster way. He steps off the path and pushes through tall ferns. At first, it feels like an adventure.

Soon, the forest looks the same in every direction. Niko tries to return, but he cannot find the trail. He feels his heart beat faster. Then he remembers what the park ranger said earlier: if you get lost, stop moving, stay calm, and make yourself easy to find.

Niko sits on a flat rock and takes slow breaths. He listens for voices. He also notices a small stream and decides not to cross it, because that could make it harder for others to find him. After a while, he hears his cousin calling his name.

When they reunite, Niko admits what he did. His cousin is relieved but serious. Together they walk back on the marked trail. Niko learns that being smart outdoors is not about shortcuts. It is about making safe choices.

The hike ends with Eagle Point after all, but the lesson is the real view Niko carries home.

Read the passage, then answer: Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

Amara volunteers at an animal shelter every Saturday. One afternoon, a scruffy dog named Pepper arrives. Pepper barks at everyone and refuses to be touched. Some volunteers decide Pepper is simply mean. Amara is not so sure.

She asks the shelter manager about Pepper’s past. The manager explains that Pepper was found alone and may have been frightened for a long time. Amara decides to be patient. She sits outside Pepper’s kennel and reads a book out loud in a calm voice.

At first, Pepper keeps barking. After several visits, Pepper begins to listen. Amara tosses small treats gently, without reaching in. Pepper steps closer, then backs away. Amara does not rush. She lets Pepper choose the pace.

Weeks later, Pepper allows Amara to clip on a leash. The first walk is short, but it happens. Pepper’s barking fades, replaced by cautious curiosity. Eventually, Pepper is adopted by a family that understands the need for time and kindness.

Amara learns that behavior often has a reason. Sometimes the best way to help is to stay calm and keep showing up.

Read the passage, then answer: Which title best captures the essence of the passage?

In 1928, a scientist named Alexander Fleming returns to his laboratory after a short vacation. He studies bacteria that can cause infections. Fleming is careful, but his lab is busy, and a few dishes are left uncovered. When he looks again, he notices something surprising: mold has grown in one dish.

Instead of throwing the dish away, Fleming examines it closely. Around the mold, the bacteria have disappeared. It seems the mold makes a substance that kills germs. Fleming names the substance penicillin. He shares his discovery, but turning it into a useful medicine is not quick.

Years later, other scientists work to purify penicillin and produce it in large amounts. During World War II, the medicine becomes especially important. It helps doctors treat wounded soldiers and prevents many infections from becoming deadly.

Penicillin changes medicine by showing that some microbes can fight others. It also encourages scientists to search for more antibiotics. A small accident in a lab leads to a tool that saves millions of lives.

Fleming’s story reminds readers that curiosity matters. Noticing an unexpected detail can open the door to a discovery that helps the world.

Read the passage, then answer: Based on the passage below, which title is most appropriate?

In the early 1900s, many cities grow quickly. More people move in, and streets fill with horses, carts, and a new invention: the automobile. At first, cars are exciting, but they also create problems. They move faster than wagons, and there are few rules. Drivers, walkers, and bicyclists all share the same roads. Accidents rise, and so do arguments about who has the right of way.

In Cleveland, Ohio, a police officer named William Potts watches traffic jams form near busy intersections. He notices that officers cannot be everywhere at once. Whistles and hand signals help, but they depend on people paying attention. Potts thinks the streets need a clear system that tells everyone when to stop and when to go, even if a police officer is not standing nearby.

Potts studies railroad signals, which use colored lights to control trains. He adapts the idea for cars. In 1914, he helps create one of the first electric traffic lights. It uses red and green lights, and later adds yellow to warn drivers that a change is coming. The goal is not to punish drivers but to guide them, making busy roads safer and smoother.

Other cities notice the improvement. When drivers know what to expect, they brake less suddenly and argue less at intersections. Over time, traffic lights spread, and rules become more consistent. The streets are still crowded, but now there is a shared language of color that helps everyone move.

Today, people may wait impatiently at red lights, but the system saves time and lives. A simple idea—using signals to organize movement—helps cities handle the rush of modern travel.

Read the passage, then answer: Which of the following titles would make the most suitable title for this passage?

Kai loves basketball but struggles with free throws. In practice, he rushes, flicks the ball, and hopes it goes in. Some days he makes several shots, but other days he misses almost all of them. His coach tells him to stop chasing luck and start building a routine.

Kai watches skilled players. They bounce the ball the same number of times, set their feet, and aim at the back of the rim. The coach explains that a routine helps the body repeat a motion. It also helps the mind stay calm under pressure.

At first, Kai’s routine feels awkward. He forgets steps and takes too long. Still, he keeps practicing. He asks a friend to record short videos so he can see his form. Kai notices his elbow drifts outward, so he corrects it.

In the next game, Kai gets fouled near the end. The gym becomes quiet. He takes a breath, follows his routine, and makes both shots. His team wins by one point.

Kai learns that improvement is not magic. It comes from steady practice, small adjustments, and a plan you can trust.