Evidence in Text Practice Test

Anthropologist Kovacevic argues that the earliest domestication of dogs arose primarily from mutual scavenging at human waste sites rather than from cooperative hunting. In this model, tolerant wolves lingered at the edges of camps to feed on discarded bones and excrement; humans tolerated them because the animals helped clean refuse and served as alarm systems. Over generations, selection favored reduced flight distance and docility near middens, gradually producing dogs before formal training was possible. Kovacevic maintains that hunting partnerships require a level of intentional breeding and command following unlikely at the earliest stages. If the scavenging-first theory is correct, the earliest archaeological signatures of domesticated dogs should cluster near settlements and refuse deposits, not predominately at remote kill sites associated with specialized big-game hunts.

It is tempting to credit newspapers with the nineteenth-century spread of a reform lodge across port cities, but the timing tells a different story. In multiple harbors, membership spikes appeared weeks before the first local articles, suggesting that circulation occurred through migrant networks—sailors, dockworkers, and itinerant agents—who carried news between ships and waterfront taverns. Print may have consolidated norms, but it did not ignite the initial bursts of recruitment. If mobile workers seeded lodges as they moved, we should see organizing patterns track travel routes rather than publication dates.