The correct answer is "diarrhea." Diarrhea is a common side effect associated with antibiotic use, including cephalexin. This diarrhea is typically self-limited and resolves within the first day or two of administration. Sometimes patients are advised to take a probiotic or consume yogurt when starting a new antibiotic if they experienced diarrhea when starting antibiotics in the past.

Neither headaches, hair loss, pharyngitis, nor necrotizing skin rash are known common side effects of cephalexin use.

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common symptoms of digoxin toxicity. Other symptoms may include confusion, anorexia, irregular heartbeat, and palpitations. Tremors, mood swings, and rash are not generally seen with digoxin toxicity.

The correct answer is "pregnancy." Patients initiating isotretinoin therapy should all be strictly advised to avoid becoming pregnant, and must absolutely not be started on isotretinoin therapy if they are actively pregnant. Isotretinoin is a potent teratogenic agent, and could cause devastating effects to a developing fetus, including but not limited to termination of the pregnancy. Any female patient who is going to start isotretinoin therapy must be tested for pregnancy immediately prior to therapy and repeatedly throughout treatment.

There is no known significant interaction between isotretinoin and NSAID use. Likewise, there is no reason why a patient on isotretinoin must avoid bananas, grains, or juices.

The correct answer is "Obtain an electrocardiogram (ECG)."

This question tests your knowledge of the major side effects of the first-generation anti-psychotic medication, haloperidol, also known as Haldol. Some of the major side effects of haloperidol include extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic symptoms, blood pressure changes, and hypersomnolence.

In addition, haloperidol has the potential to prolong the QTc interval on an ECG. QTc prolongation can be particularly dangerous in patients who already have a prolonged QTc interval due to a pre-existing medical condition (e.g. Long QT Syndrome), or medications they are already taking. A prolonged QTc interval has the potential to progress on ECG to more dangerous arrhythmias including torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia, which can be fatal. Therefore, it is imperative to check a patient's QTc interval on an ECG prior to administering haloperidol to confirm that they do not already have a prolonged QTc interval.

While this patient's blood glucose is not necessarily going to be normal, that is not something that needs to be emergently checked prior to haloperidol administration.

There is no indication to obtain a chest x-ray or CT abdomen prior to haloperidol administration.

It would be inappropriate to contact the authorities to detain this acutely psychotic patient with schizophrenia, as the patient is already in the hospital and in the care of a psychiatric medical team. Further, even though the patient is combative, if necessary, the medical team is allowed to place the patient in restraints without the need for police intervention. There is no evidence that any members of the care team are in acute danger.

The correct answer is "pruritis." Pruritis, or itching, is a fairly common side effect of opioid medication use, and hydromorphone, also known as Dilaudid, is a potent opioid. As such, patients should be advised of this potential side effect prior to initiation of therapy, and should be advised to inform the nursing or medical care team if they experience pruritis, as dosing can be adjusted, and/or additional medications may be added to control the itchiness.

Neither hair loss, foot pain, pharyngitis, nor diarrhea are side effects known to be associated with opioid use.

All of these are potential side effects of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors such as enalapril, but angioedema (the swelling of the face, lips, and/or tongue) is a potentially life threatening condition, as swelling can obstruct the airway.

The ringing in the ear is tinnitus, which is indicative of ototoxicity. Nausea, metallic taste in mouth, difficulty swallowing and skin reactions are not associated with the development of ototoxicity.

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Most antibiotics in the aminoglycoside class can have significant ototoxic effects. Of these, streptomycin and gentamicin are primarily toxic to the vestubular system, while amikacin, neomycin, dihydrosterptomycin, and kanamicin primarily affect the cochlea. None of the other antibiotics listed are generally associated with ototoxicity.

The correct answer is "constipation," as constipation is a very common side effect associated with use of opioid medications, such as oxycodone, especially in patients who have not been frequently treated with opioids in the past. As such, patients are often advised ahead of time about the possibility this side effect and may be started concurrently on stool softeners and colonic motility agents, such as senna and/or docusate.

Blindness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), headache, and serotonin syndrome all are not known to be associated with use of opioid medications, like oxycodone.

B12 deficiency is common in patients on metformin, and should be monitored and supplemented either sublingually or intramuscularly.