Bordetella pertussis is a Gram negative, rod-shaped aerobe. It requires oxygen to function and commonly infects the respiratory tract of young children, causing whooping cough.

Vibrio cholerae is classified as Gram negative facultative rods. This bacteria is the most well known amongst the Vibrio species as it's the cause of cholera, which produces a toxin that causes very severe diarrhea.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram negative coccus bacterium that generally presents as a diplococcus (in pairs of cocci).

All of the bacteria listed are Gram positive except Salmonella, which is a Gram negative facultative rod.

The two most common bacterial arrangements are Staph- and Strep-. Staph- is a non-symmetrical arrangement like a cluster of grapes. Strep- indicates a chain of bacteria.

The three most common bacterial shapes are listed below.

Coccus—round or oval

Bacillus—rectangular or rod-shaped

Spirilla (spirochete)—spiral

By breaking down names into arrangement and shape, students can predict or identify the appearance of an organism by its name. In the example Staph indicates arrangement in a chain. Coccus indicates round or oval in shape. Therefore, Staphylococci are round or oval-shaped organisms arranged in a cluster.

Bacteria or any other microbes that feed on dead matter are termed saprophytes. Thermophilic microbes thrive in heated environments, halophiles such as _Vibrio parahaemolyticu_s prefer salt water, and archaebacteria are a group of bacteria found in high heat, high salt content locations such as sewage treatment plants and are able to tolerate many extreme habitats.

_Staphyloccocus aureus are Gram positive cocci. Chlamydia trachomatis and Rikettsia prowazekii are both classified as Gram negative rods and Neisseria meningitidis are Gram negative cocci.

Staphylococcus species are Gram positive, catalase positive cocci. The most famous member of this bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus, is commonly implicated in skin infections, upper respiratory infections, and gastroenteritis (food poisoning).

E. coli is a Gram negative rod. It's a lactose fermenting bacteria commonly implicated in urinary tract infections and less frequently in gastroenteritis.

The Gram stain is a test used to help classify bacteria based on the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan cell wall will stain dark purple, and are termed Gram positive. On the other hand, if there is no peptidoglycan cell wall (or a very thin one), it will show up as pink. This is termed Gram negative. This distinction is particularly important when prescribing classes of antibiotics, as the cell wall is commonly targeted by antibiotics.