Pediatric Care and Development - NCLEX-PN

An infant should have the ability to pull itself up to standing by the age of 9 months. If standing is not seen after 12 months the child should be evaluated for any type of physical developmental disabilities or delays.

Solid foods should not be introduced into an infant's diet before 6 months of age. Earlier introduction may trigger specific food allergies, as well as reducing breastmilk production in a breastfeeding mother.

An audible click when the examiner slips the femoral head forward is considered a positive Ortolani sign. This finding suggests congenital hip dysplasia. Babinski sign is the presence of the Babinski reflex, which is normal in infants. Scarf sign is used to assess developmental age and muscle tone in neonates. Brudzinski sign is not related to the musculoskeletal system but is part of a physical examination in cases of suspected meningitis.

The posterior fontanelle, which is the cartilaginous gap at the junction of the lambdoid suture and the sagittal suture, closes at eight weeks of age.

All of the behaviors listed are part of the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder except for disruptive hyperactivity-impulsivity present for a period of greater than six months, which is part of the DSM-5's diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), not for autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Diminished level of consciousness, bradycardia, and fixed and dilated pupils are all signs of later-stage intracranial pressure (ICP). Dilated scalp veins may be present with ICP, but will be seen in the early stages of the condition.

A parent of a child with a seizure disorder should be instructed to stay with the child through the duration of the seizure, to move any nearby furniture out of the way of the child to prevent trauma, and to note and record the length of the seizure. No object should ever be put into the mouth of a child who is having a seizure.

Strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes that results in one eye becoming dominant over the other. It does not affect hearing or ability to connect to others socially. This condition should not result in nausea.

Babies and toddlers should not fall asleep with bottles full of milk or juice with them at bedtime. Plain water would be acceptable for a child to have at bedtime, as it does not have any sugar. The sugar in milk and juice will remain in the child’s mouth during sleep and cause caries, even if the teeth are not fully formed. It is common for babies to lose interest in bottles at night time when water is substituted.

Toilet training may be achieved anywhere from 24 months to 36 months, and may sometimes take longer for boys than girls. Bladder control usually occurs after bowel control. Parents should not be concerned if their children take the full 36 months to become toilet trained or if they have difficulty holding their urine longer than a few hours due to the small size of their bladders. Toilet training that takes longer than 3 years may be caused by psychological factors, but this child is not in need of the assessment of a child psychologist at his age. The nurse should not encourage the mother to tell the child that his behavior is unacceptable because it is not expected of him to achieve full toilet training for another year.

An infant should have doubled it's birth weight by the age of six months, and tripled it's birth weight by the age of 12 months. Children who fail to reach these markers may be underweight due to a variety of factors such as underfeeding, metabolic disorder, or failure to thrive.

An infant should have the ability to pull itself up to standing by the age of 9 months. If standing is not seen after 12 months the child should be evaluated for any type of physical developmental disabilities or delays.

Solid foods should not be introduced into an infant's diet before 6 months of age. Earlier introduction may trigger specific food allergies, as well as reducing breastmilk production in a breastfeeding mother.

An audible click when the examiner slips the femoral head forward is considered a positive Ortolani sign. This finding suggests congenital hip dysplasia. Babinski sign is the presence of the Babinski reflex, which is normal in infants. Scarf sign is used to assess developmental age and muscle tone in neonates. Brudzinski sign is not related to the musculoskeletal system but is part of a physical examination in cases of suspected meningitis.

The posterior fontanelle, which is the cartilaginous gap at the junction of the lambdoid suture and the sagittal suture, closes at eight weeks of age.

All of the behaviors listed are part of the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder except for disruptive hyperactivity-impulsivity present for a period of greater than six months, which is part of the DSM-5's diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), not for autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Diminished level of consciousness, bradycardia, and fixed and dilated pupils are all signs of later-stage intracranial pressure (ICP). Dilated scalp veins may be present with ICP, but will be seen in the early stages of the condition.

A parent of a child with a seizure disorder should be instructed to stay with the child through the duration of the seizure, to move any nearby furniture out of the way of the child to prevent trauma, and to note and record the length of the seizure. No object should ever be put into the mouth of a child who is having a seizure.

Strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes that results in one eye becoming dominant over the other. It does not affect hearing or ability to connect to others socially. This condition should not result in nausea.