Other General Biology - NCLEX-PN
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What organelle is considered to be the "powerhouse of the cell," due to it's role in production of ATP?
What organelle is considered to be the "powerhouse of the cell," due to it's role in production of ATP?
Mitochondria are often called "the powerhouse of the cell" because they produce ATP, the body's most basic unit of energy. The nucleus houses the cell's DNA, the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of cellular protein manufacturing, and the Golgi apparatus packages protein manufactured in the cell for release and transport to the rest of the body.
Mitochondria are often called "the powerhouse of the cell" because they produce ATP, the body's most basic unit of energy. The nucleus houses the cell's DNA, the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of cellular protein manufacturing, and the Golgi apparatus packages protein manufactured in the cell for release and transport to the rest of the body.
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Which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane?
Which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane has many purposes. It anchors the cytoskeleton to give the cell shape and structure. It houses proteins that both interact with signaling molecules from outside the cell and communicate with secondary messengers within the cell. It facilitates the absorption and release of electrolytes, water, and vesicles carrying proteins or other molecules. It forms junctions with other cells and connects the cell to the extracellular matrix.
One thing the cell membrane does not do, however, is act as a site of protein synthesis. That occurs primarily in the rough endoplasmic reticulum or on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
The cell membrane has many purposes. It anchors the cytoskeleton to give the cell shape and structure. It houses proteins that both interact with signaling molecules from outside the cell and communicate with secondary messengers within the cell. It facilitates the absorption and release of electrolytes, water, and vesicles carrying proteins or other molecules. It forms junctions with other cells and connects the cell to the extracellular matrix.
One thing the cell membrane does not do, however, is act as a site of protein synthesis. That occurs primarily in the rough endoplasmic reticulum or on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
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Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by what organelle?
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by what organelle?
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the nucleolus, which is contained within the nucleus. It's primary function is the production and assembly of ribosome subunits. The RER houses ribosomes for protein manufacture. The SER does not take part in ribosome production or functioning. Note that ribosomes are composed of rRNA and protein. Proteins are translated on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the nucleolus, which is contained within the nucleus. It's primary function is the production and assembly of ribosome subunits. The RER houses ribosomes for protein manufacture. The SER does not take part in ribosome production or functioning. Note that ribosomes are composed of rRNA and protein. Proteins are translated on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
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Which organelle is responsible for synthesis of lipids within the cell?
Which organelle is responsible for synthesis of lipids within the cell?
The majority of lipid production within the cell occurs within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is also the site of production of steroids and phospholipids. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging of cell products for transport outside of the cell. The mitochondria produce ATP, and the nucleus houses the DNA.
The majority of lipid production within the cell occurs within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is also the site of production of steroids and phospholipids. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging of cell products for transport outside of the cell. The mitochondria produce ATP, and the nucleus houses the DNA.
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Which of the following organelles is responsible for cellular respiration?
Which of the following organelles is responsible for cellular respiration?
Aerobic cellular respiration occurs exclusively in the mitochondria. These organelles are present in greater number in cells that require a large supply of ATP, such as striated muscle cells, liver cells, and sperm cells.
Aerobic cellular respiration occurs exclusively in the mitochondria. These organelles are present in greater number in cells that require a large supply of ATP, such as striated muscle cells, liver cells, and sperm cells.
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The makes up the structural framework of the cell.
The makes up the structural framework of the cell.
The framework of the cell is make up by the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton gives the cell both shape and structure, and allows the cell to attach to extracellular connective tissue in order to form tissue types. There are three major fibers that make up cytoskeleton - microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
The framework of the cell is make up by the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton gives the cell both shape and structure, and allows the cell to attach to extracellular connective tissue in order to form tissue types. There are three major fibers that make up cytoskeleton - microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
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What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?
What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?
Cholesterol is a vital component of the cellular membrane. It maintains both the fluidity and structural integrity of the cell. While cholesterol is an integral component of steroid production, this occurs outside of the cell membrane. Cholesterol does not play a significant role in cellular energy production or cell membrane detoxification.
Cholesterol is a vital component of the cellular membrane. It maintains both the fluidity and structural integrity of the cell. While cholesterol is an integral component of steroid production, this occurs outside of the cell membrane. Cholesterol does not play a significant role in cellular energy production or cell membrane detoxification.
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All of the cells of the human body except sex cells and undifferentiated stem cells are termed cells.
All of the cells of the human body except sex cells and undifferentiated stem cells are termed cells.
All of the cells of the human body except sex cells are termed somatic cells. These are diploid cells, meaning that they contain two homologous copies of each chromosome. Sex cells (eggs and sperm) are haploid cells, containing just one set of chromosomes in each cell. All human cells are eukaryotic, because they contain a nucleus and organelles within a cellular membrane.
All of the cells of the human body except sex cells are termed somatic cells. These are diploid cells, meaning that they contain two homologous copies of each chromosome. Sex cells (eggs and sperm) are haploid cells, containing just one set of chromosomes in each cell. All human cells are eukaryotic, because they contain a nucleus and organelles within a cellular membrane.
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A human cell spends 90% of its lifetime in which phase of the cell cycle?
A human cell spends 90% of its lifetime in which phase of the cell cycle?
90% of the cell cycle is spent in interphase. This time is also termed the "resting phase" as it is absorbing nutrients and replicating cellular elements in preparation for cell division. This phase includes the stages Gap 1 and Gap 2. Mitosis and cytokinesis, the final stages in cell division, are both relatively short compared to interphase, accounting for approximately 10% of the cell cycle.
90% of the cell cycle is spent in interphase. This time is also termed the "resting phase" as it is absorbing nutrients and replicating cellular elements in preparation for cell division. This phase includes the stages Gap 1 and Gap 2. Mitosis and cytokinesis, the final stages in cell division, are both relatively short compared to interphase, accounting for approximately 10% of the cell cycle.
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The chemotherapeutic agent vinblastine interferes with the assembly of microtubules. This is effective in the treatment of certain cancers due to what cellular effect?
The chemotherapeutic agent vinblastine interferes with the assembly of microtubules. This is effective in the treatment of certain cancers due to what cellular effect?
Vinblastine and similar chemotherapeutic agents function by disrupting the formation and stability of microtubules in the cell. Because cell division is dependent on microtubule function, loss of microtubule integrity targets rapidly-reproducing cells such as cancer cells.
Vinblastine and similar chemotherapeutic agents function by disrupting the formation and stability of microtubules in the cell. Because cell division is dependent on microtubule function, loss of microtubule integrity targets rapidly-reproducing cells such as cancer cells.
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Which of the following organelles is responsible for protein synthesis?
Which of the following organelles is responsible for protein synthesis?
While the nucleus houses the DNA and plays an integral role in the transcription of genetic code in order to produce specific proteins, actual protein synthesis is carried out by the ribosomes. These organelles consist of two subunits and are either independent in the cytoplasm of the cell or housed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Note that ribosomes can be in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum, hence making it rough.
While the nucleus houses the DNA and plays an integral role in the transcription of genetic code in order to produce specific proteins, actual protein synthesis is carried out by the ribosomes. These organelles consist of two subunits and are either independent in the cytoplasm of the cell or housed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Note that ribosomes can be in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum, hence making it rough.
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A solution is said to be when it contains a lower solute concentration than the cell.
A solution is said to be when it contains a lower solute concentration than the cell.
A hypotonic solution is one that contains solutes at a lower concentration than the cell. A cell, such as a red blood cell, will swell when exposed to a hypotonic solution as water moves into the cell to balance the osmotic gradient.
A hypotonic solution is one that contains solutes at a lower concentration than the cell. A cell, such as a red blood cell, will swell when exposed to a hypotonic solution as water moves into the cell to balance the osmotic gradient.
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A hypertonic IV would cause some amount of of red blood cells as water moved out of the cell across the osmotic gradient.
A hypertonic IV would cause some amount of of red blood cells as water moved out of the cell across the osmotic gradient.
A hypertonic solution, or one which contains solutes in higher concentration than blood cells, would cause water to leave the red blood cell across the osmotic gradient. This causes a reversible crumpling or shriveling of the cell, termed crenation. A cell in a hypotonic solution, wherein the cell itself contained a higher level of solutes than the fluid, would take on water, potentially causing the cell to lyse (burst).
A hypertonic solution, or one which contains solutes in higher concentration than blood cells, would cause water to leave the red blood cell across the osmotic gradient. This causes a reversible crumpling or shriveling of the cell, termed crenation. A cell in a hypotonic solution, wherein the cell itself contained a higher level of solutes than the fluid, would take on water, potentially causing the cell to lyse (burst).
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At what embryonic age does the neural tube form?
At what embryonic age does the neural tube form?
The neural tube forms from the neural plate during the fourth week of embryonic development, which is often before the mother knows of the pregnancy.
The neural tube forms from the neural plate during the fourth week of embryonic development, which is often before the mother knows of the pregnancy.
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Which of the following is a term for a substance that has been known to cause birth defects?
Which of the following is a term for a substance that has been known to cause birth defects?
A teratogen is a substance that has been known to cause birth defects. Some teratogens include alcohol, tobacco, phenytoin, rubella virus, and tetracycline. Carcinogens are a subclass of mutagens which have been known to cause cancer-inducing mutations. Mutagens cause mutations in cellular DNA expression (which may or may not lead to cancer or any other pathological condition), and pyrogens are substance that cause fever.
A teratogen is a substance that has been known to cause birth defects. Some teratogens include alcohol, tobacco, phenytoin, rubella virus, and tetracycline. Carcinogens are a subclass of mutagens which have been known to cause cancer-inducing mutations. Mutagens cause mutations in cellular DNA expression (which may or may not lead to cancer or any other pathological condition), and pyrogens are substance that cause fever.
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The initial single-celled fertilized egg is known as the .
The initial single-celled fertilized egg is known as the .
A zygote is a eukaryotic cell formed by a the joining of two gametes (sperm and egg). The zygote then goes on to divide several times till it forms a small clump of cells termed a morula. The next stage is the formation of a blastocyst, which is the final stage before development into an embryo.
A zygote is a eukaryotic cell formed by a the joining of two gametes (sperm and egg). The zygote then goes on to divide several times till it forms a small clump of cells termed a morula. The next stage is the formation of a blastocyst, which is the final stage before development into an embryo.
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An embryo implants days after ovulation.
An embryo implants days after ovulation.
The zygote has developed into an embryo and reached the uterus by day 5 and will generally implant on day 7-10 after ovulation.
The zygote has developed into an embryo and reached the uterus by day 5 and will generally implant on day 7-10 after ovulation.
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The process by which an embryo develops from a single celled zygote into a complex organism with many cell and tissue types is called:
The process by which an embryo develops from a single celled zygote into a complex organism with many cell and tissue types is called:
The term for the development of specialized cell types is differentiation. This is a process by which pluripotent embryonic stem cells, all of which have the same genome, are methylated in various ways to "turn off" certain genes and leave other genes exposed for transcription. This allow cells to develop the specific features that they will require to perform their function as heart cells, neurons, etc.
The term for the development of specialized cell types is differentiation. This is a process by which pluripotent embryonic stem cells, all of which have the same genome, are methylated in various ways to "turn off" certain genes and leave other genes exposed for transcription. This allow cells to develop the specific features that they will require to perform their function as heart cells, neurons, etc.
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At what point in a pregnancy is miscarriage most likely to occur?
At what point in a pregnancy is miscarriage most likely to occur?
Over 85% of miscarriages occur in the first trimester. Less than 10% of miscarriages occur in the second trimester, and miscarriage in the third trimester is very rare and generally considered to be stillbirth or preterm delivery that result in loss of the baby due to complications (most often respiratory or digestive underdevelopment).
Over 85% of miscarriages occur in the first trimester. Less than 10% of miscarriages occur in the second trimester, and miscarriage in the third trimester is very rare and generally considered to be stillbirth or preterm delivery that result in loss of the baby due to complications (most often respiratory or digestive underdevelopment).
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The majority of first trimester miscarriages are due to .
The majority of first trimester miscarriages are due to .
The most common cause of first trimester miscarriage is chromosomal abnormalities. These can occur in as many as 1 in 4 pregnancies, and cause the developing embryo issues that are not compatible with life.
Lifting heavy objects and exercise are NOT generally responsible for triggering miscarriage (though they could potentially trigger a miscarriage in individuals with underlying conditions or other risk factors).
The most common cause of first trimester miscarriage is chromosomal abnormalities. These can occur in as many as 1 in 4 pregnancies, and cause the developing embryo issues that are not compatible with life.
Lifting heavy objects and exercise are NOT generally responsible for triggering miscarriage (though they could potentially trigger a miscarriage in individuals with underlying conditions or other risk factors).
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