Measure Evolutionary Change - Middle School Life Science
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What is the total number of allele copies for an autosomal gene in $N$ diploid individuals?
What is the total number of allele copies for an autosomal gene in $N$ diploid individuals?
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Total allele copies = $2N$. Each diploid individual has 2 copies of each autosomal gene.
Total allele copies = $2N$. Each diploid individual has 2 copies of each autosomal gene.
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What is genotype frequency, stated as a proportion?
What is genotype frequency, stated as a proportion?
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Genotype frequency = $\frac{\text{individuals with genotype}}{\text{total individuals}}$. Proportion of individuals carrying a specific genotype combination.
Genotype frequency = $\frac{\text{individuals with genotype}}{\text{total individuals}}$. Proportion of individuals carrying a specific genotype combination.
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What is relative fitness, stated as a ratio using survival or reproduction?
What is relative fitness, stated as a ratio using survival or reproduction?
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Relative fitness = $\frac{\text{avg offspring (or survival) of type}}{\text{avg offspring (or survival) of reference}}$. Compares reproductive success between types as a ratio.
Relative fitness = $\frac{\text{avg offspring (or survival) of type}}{\text{avg offspring (or survival) of reference}}$. Compares reproductive success between types as a ratio.
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Identify the survival proportion if $75$ of $300$ individuals survive to reproduce.
Identify the survival proportion if $75$ of $300$ individuals survive to reproduce.
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$\frac{75}{300}=0.25$. Survival rate as proportion of survivors to total.
$\frac{75}{300}=0.25$. Survival rate as proportion of survivors to total.
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Which statement best links proportional change in allele frequency to evolution?
Which statement best links proportional change in allele frequency to evolution?
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Evolution occurs when allele frequencies in a population change across generations. Changing allele proportions over time defines evolution.
Evolution occurs when allele frequencies in a population change across generations. Changing allele proportions over time defines evolution.
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Identify the relative fitness if type X averages $6$ offspring and type Y averages $4$ offspring (Y is reference).
Identify the relative fitness if type X averages $6$ offspring and type Y averages $4$ offspring (Y is reference).
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$\frac{6}{4}=1.5$. X produces 1.5 times more offspring than reference Y.
$\frac{6}{4}=1.5$. X produces 1.5 times more offspring than reference Y.
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Identify the fold change when an allele frequency changes from $0.10$ to $0.25$.
Identify the fold change when an allele frequency changes from $0.10$ to $0.25$.
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$\frac{0.25}{0.10}=2.5$-fold. Divide final by initial frequency to get fold change.
$\frac{0.25}{0.10}=2.5$-fold. Divide final by initial frequency to get fold change.
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Identify the proportional increase when an allele frequency changes from $0.10$ to $0.25$.
Identify the proportional increase when an allele frequency changes from $0.10$ to $0.25$.
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Increase of $0.15$. Subtract initial from final frequency: $0.25 - 0.10 = 0.15$.
Increase of $0.15$. Subtract initial from final frequency: $0.25 - 0.10 = 0.15$.
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Identify the percent allele frequency of $B$ if its proportion is $0.08$.
Identify the percent allele frequency of $B$ if its proportion is $0.08$.
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$8%$. Convert proportion to percentage by multiplying by 100.
$8%$. Convert proportion to percentage by multiplying by 100.
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Identify the genotype frequency of $AA$ if $18$ of $60$ individuals are $AA$.
Identify the genotype frequency of $AA$ if $18$ of $60$ individuals are $AA$.
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$\frac{18}{60}=0.30$. Direct proportion of AA individuals to total population.
$\frac{18}{60}=0.30$. Direct proportion of AA individuals to total population.
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Identify the allele frequency of $A$ if $A$ appears $30$ times in $50$ total allele copies.
Identify the allele frequency of $A$ if $A$ appears $30$ times in $50$ total allele copies.
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$0.60$. $\frac{30}{50} = 0.60$ using the allele frequency formula.
$0.60$. $\frac{30}{50} = 0.60$ using the allele frequency formula.
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Identify the allele frequency of $a$ in $20$ diploid individuals if there are $10$ copies of $a$.
Identify the allele frequency of $a$ in $20$ diploid individuals if there are $10$ copies of $a$.
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$\frac{10}{40}=0.25$. 20 diploid individuals have 40 total allele copies.
$\frac{10}{40}=0.25$. 20 diploid individuals have 40 total allele copies.
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Identify the expected count with proportion $0.30$ in a sample of $200$ individuals.
Identify the expected count with proportion $0.30$ in a sample of $200$ individuals.
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$0.30\times200=60$. Multiply proportion by sample size to get expected count.
$0.30\times200=60$. Multiply proportion by sample size to get expected count.
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Which statement correctly connects natural selection to proportions in a population?
Which statement correctly connects natural selection to proportions in a population?
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Selection increases the proportion of alleles that improve survival or reproduction. Selection favors beneficial alleles, changing their proportions.
Selection increases the proportion of alleles that improve survival or reproduction. Selection favors beneficial alleles, changing their proportions.
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What is allele frequency in a population, stated as a proportion?
What is allele frequency in a population, stated as a proportion?
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Allele frequency = $
0\frac{\text{number of copies of the allele}}{\text{total allele copies for that gene}}$. Divides specific allele copies by total to get proportion.
Allele frequency = $ 0\frac{\text{number of copies of the allele}}{\text{total allele copies for that gene}}$. Divides specific allele copies by total to get proportion.
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Which option correctly interprets a population where allele $R$ changes from $0.40$ to $0.55$ in one generation?
Which option correctly interprets a population where allele $R$ changes from $0.40$ to $0.55$ in one generation?
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Allele $R$ increased by $0.15$, indicating evolutionary change. Frequency change of 0.15 shows evolution occurred.
Allele $R$ increased by $0.15$, indicating evolutionary change. Frequency change of 0.15 shows evolution occurred.
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What is the definition of phenotype frequency?
What is the definition of phenotype frequency?
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Proportion of individuals in a population with a given trait. Counts individuals showing a trait divided by total population size.
Proportion of individuals in a population with a given trait. Counts individuals showing a trait divided by total population size.
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Choose the correct proportional statement: if survivors are $12$ of $20$, what is survival rate?
Choose the correct proportional statement: if survivors are $12$ of $20$, what is survival rate?
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$0.60$. Survival rate = survivors/total = $ rac{12}{20} = 0.60$.
$0.60$. Survival rate = survivors/total = $ rac{12}{20} = 0.60$.
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Calculate percent increase: a trait rises from $10%$ to $15%$. What is the relative increase?
Calculate percent increase: a trait rises from $10%$ to $15%$. What is the relative increase?
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$50%$. Relative increase = $ rac{15-10}{10} imes 100% = 50%$.
$50%$. Relative increase = $ rac{15-10}{10} imes 100% = 50%$.
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Calculate change: allele $A$ frequency goes from $0.20$ to $0.35$. What is $\Delta p$?
Calculate change: allele $A$ frequency goes from $0.20$ to $0.35$. What is $\Delta p$?
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$0.15$. Change = final - initial = $0.35 - 0.20 = 0.15$.
$0.15$. Change = final - initial = $0.35 - 0.20 = 0.15$.
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Identify the total number of alleles counted at one gene in $N=40$ diploid organisms.
Identify the total number of alleles counted at one gene in $N=40$ diploid organisms.
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$80$. Diploid organisms have 2 alleles per gene, so $40 imes 2 = 80$.
$80$. Diploid organisms have 2 alleles per gene, so $40 imes 2 = 80$.
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Find allele frequency $q(a)$: $AA=12, Aa=6, aa=2$. What is $q$?
Find allele frequency $q(a)$: $AA=12, Aa=6, aa=2$. What is $q$?
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$0.25$. $q = rac{2(2)+6}{2(20)} = rac{10}{40} = 0.25$.
$0.25$. $q = rac{2(2)+6}{2(20)} = rac{10}{40} = 0.25$.
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Find allele frequency $p(A)$: $AA=12, Aa=6, aa=2$. What is $p$?
Find allele frequency $p(A)$: $AA=12, Aa=6, aa=2$. What is $p$?
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$0.75$. $p = rac{2(12)+6}{2(20)} = rac{30}{40} = 0.75$.
$0.75$. $p = rac{2(12)+6}{2(20)} = rac{30}{40} = 0.75$.
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Calculate percent: $18$ of $60$ beetles are green. What percent are green?
Calculate percent: $18$ of $60$ beetles are green. What percent are green?
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$30%$. Percent = $ rac{18}{60} imes 100% = 30%$.
$30%$. Percent = $ rac{18}{60} imes 100% = 30%$.
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Find and correct the proportional reasoning error: 'Because $30$ individuals changed, the population evolved.'
Find and correct the proportional reasoning error: 'Because $30$ individuals changed, the population evolved.'
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Correct: Evolution is a change in allele frequencies, not individuals. Evolution requires allele frequency changes, not just individual changes.
Correct: Evolution is a change in allele frequencies, not individuals. Evolution requires allele frequency changes, not just individual changes.
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