Genetic Growth Factors - Middle School Life Science
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What is the term for different versions of the same gene that can affect a trait such as height?
What is the term for different versions of the same gene that can affect a trait such as height?
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Alleles. Different forms of a gene create variation in traits like height.
Alleles. Different forms of a gene create variation in traits like height.
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What is the term for a change in DNA sequence that can alter growth-related proteins?
What is the term for a change in DNA sequence that can alter growth-related proteins?
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Mutation. DNA changes can create new protein variants affecting growth.
Mutation. DNA changes can create new protein variants affecting growth.
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What is the term for the allele combination an organism has for a trait that influences growth?
What is the term for the allele combination an organism has for a trait that influences growth?
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Genotype. The genetic makeup determines which proteins are produced for growth.
Genotype. The genetic makeup determines which proteins are produced for growth.
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Identify the inheritance pattern: a trait shows a continuous range (many heights) due to many genes.
Identify the inheritance pattern: a trait shows a continuous range (many heights) due to many genes.
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Polygenic inheritance. Many genes create small additive effects for continuous traits.
Polygenic inheritance. Many genes create small additive effects for continuous traits.
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What is the term for the observable trait (such as body size) produced by genes and environment?
What is the term for the observable trait (such as body size) produced by genes and environment?
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Phenotype. Physical traits result from both genetic instructions and environmental factors.
Phenotype. Physical traits result from both genetic instructions and environmental factors.
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What is the term for an allele whose effect is masked unless two copies are present?
What is the term for an allele whose effect is masked unless two copies are present?
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Recessive allele. Must inherit two copies to express the trait.
Recessive allele. Must inherit two copies to express the trait.
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Which genetic factor determines biological sex in many mammals and can influence average growth patterns?
Which genetic factor determines biological sex in many mammals and can influence average growth patterns?
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Sex chromosomes (XX or XY). Sex chromosomes carry genes that affect growth hormones.
Sex chromosomes (XX or XY). Sex chromosomes carry genes that affect growth hormones.
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What is the term for an allele that masks another allele’s effect on a growth-related trait?
What is the term for an allele that masks another allele’s effect on a growth-related trait?
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Dominant allele. One copy is enough to express the trait fully.
Dominant allele. One copy is enough to express the trait fully.
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What is the term for a DNA segment that contains instructions for making a specific protein?
What is the term for a DNA segment that contains instructions for making a specific protein?
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Gene. Genes are DNA segments that code for proteins, which control traits.
Gene. Genes are DNA segments that code for proteins, which control traits.
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Identify the inheritance pattern: a trait appears only when genotype is aa, not Aa or AA.
Identify the inheritance pattern: a trait appears only when genotype is aa, not Aa or AA.
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Recessive inheritance. Trait only appears with two recessive alleles.
Recessive inheritance. Trait only appears with two recessive alleles.
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What is the term for a trait influenced by many genes, often producing a range of sizes or heights?
What is the term for a trait influenced by many genes, often producing a range of sizes or heights?
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Polygenic inheritance. Multiple genes combine effects to create continuous variation.
Polygenic inheritance. Multiple genes combine effects to create continuous variation.
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Identify the correct label: genotype or phenotype for the description "DNA alleles for height."
Identify the correct label: genotype or phenotype for the description "DNA alleles for height."
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Genotype. Alleles represent genetic makeup, not physical traits.
Genotype. Alleles represent genetic makeup, not physical traits.
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What is the term for a DNA segment that contains instructions for a specific trait affecting growth?
What is the term for a DNA segment that contains instructions for a specific trait affecting growth?
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Gene. A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.
Gene. A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.
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What is the term for different versions of the same gene that can influence growth (for example, height)?
What is the term for different versions of the same gene that can influence growth (for example, height)?
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Alleles. Alternative forms of a gene that create variation in traits.
Alleles. Alternative forms of a gene that create variation in traits.
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What is the term for an organism's full set of DNA, including all genes that influence growth?
What is the term for an organism's full set of DNA, including all genes that influence growth?
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Genome. The complete genetic material of an organism.
Genome. The complete genetic material of an organism.
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What is the term for an organism's allele combination for a trait that can affect growth?
What is the term for an organism's allele combination for a trait that can affect growth?
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Genotype. The genetic makeup showing which alleles an organism has.
Genotype. The genetic makeup showing which alleles an organism has.
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Which term describes a trait controlled mainly by one gene, often showing distinct categories?
Which term describes a trait controlled mainly by one gene, often showing distinct categories?
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Single-gene (Mendelian) trait. Controlled by one gene pair following Mendel's laws.
Single-gene (Mendelian) trait. Controlled by one gene pair following Mendel's laws.
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Which term describes a trait like height that is influenced by many genes acting together?
Which term describes a trait like height that is influenced by many genes acting together?
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Polygenic trait. Multiple genes contribute to create continuous variation.
Polygenic trait. Multiple genes contribute to create continuous variation.
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Which inheritance pattern occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype?
Which inheritance pattern occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype?
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Codominance. Both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype.
Codominance. Both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype.
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Which inheritance pattern produces an intermediate phenotype when heterozygous?
Which inheritance pattern produces an intermediate phenotype when heterozygous?
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Incomplete dominance. Heterozygote shows a blend between two homozygous phenotypes.
Incomplete dominance. Heterozygote shows a blend between two homozygous phenotypes.
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What is the term for one allele masking the effect of another allele in a heterozygote?
What is the term for one allele masking the effect of another allele in a heterozygote?
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Dominance (dominant allele masks recessive). One allele's effect is visible while the other is hidden.
Dominance (dominant allele masks recessive). One allele's effect is visible while the other is hidden.
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What is the term for a change in DNA sequence that can alter proteins and affect growth?
What is the term for a change in DNA sequence that can alter proteins and affect growth?
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Mutation. A permanent change in DNA sequence that can alter function.
Mutation. A permanent change in DNA sequence that can alter function.
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Which type of mutation changes one DNA base and may change one amino acid in a protein?
Which type of mutation changes one DNA base and may change one amino acid in a protein?
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Point mutation (substitution). Replaces one nucleotide, potentially changing one amino acid.
Point mutation (substitution). Replaces one nucleotide, potentially changing one amino acid.
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Which mutation type can shift the reading frame by adding or removing bases, often affecting growth proteins?
Which mutation type can shift the reading frame by adding or removing bases, often affecting growth proteins?
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Frameshift mutation (insertion or deletion). Adds or removes bases, disrupting the triplet reading pattern.
Frameshift mutation (insertion or deletion). Adds or removes bases, disrupting the triplet reading pattern.
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What is the term for turning genes on or off, changing growth without changing DNA sequence?
What is the term for turning genes on or off, changing growth without changing DNA sequence?
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Gene regulation (differential gene expression). Controls when and where genes are active without DNA changes.
Gene regulation (differential gene expression). Controls when and where genes are active without DNA changes.
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