Urbanization, Industrialization, and Social Change (9B) - MCAT Psychological and Social Foundations

Shift from agrarian production to mechanized, factory-based production. Transforms economies from manual labor to machine production.

Model linking development to changes in birth and death rates over time. Explains population growth patterns as societies modernize.

Movement of residents and businesses from cities to surrounding suburbs. Often driven by housing costs and desire for space.

Urban area with population greater than $10$ million. Examples include Tokyo, Mumbai, and São Paulo.

Structured inequality in access to resources, power, and prestige. Creates hierarchies based on class, race, and status.

Concentration of wage labor and factories in urban centers. Jobs in factories drew workers from agricultural areas.

Social disorganization. Rapid change disrupts traditional community bonds.

High infectious disease burden from crowding and poor sanitation. Industrial cities initially had poor public health systems.

Functionalism (industrial society favors nuclear families and mobility). Parsons argued extended families hinder geographic mobility.

Stage 2 (early industrial). Medical advances reduce mortality while fertility remains high.

Stage 1 (preindustrial). Both rates are high, resulting in stable but small populations.

Model linking economic development to changes in birth and death rates. Shows how population growth patterns change with modernization.

Shift from agrarian economies to machine-based manufacturing and industry. Transforms production from manual labor to mechanized systems.

Population shift from rural areas to cities, increasing urban residence. Movement of people concentrates populations in metropolitan areas.

Urbanization driven by industrial pull factors. Industrial jobs attract rural workers, causing urban growth.

Population movement from central cities to surrounding suburban areas. Post-WWII phenomenon driven by cars and housing preferences.

Urban renewal with affluent in-migration and displacement of prior residents. Economic revitalization often increases housing costs.

Physical separation of groups into different neighborhoods by race or class. Creates unequal access to resources and opportunities.

Absolute: basic needs unmet; Relative: below society’s typical standard. Absolute is objective deprivation; relative is comparative.

Hierarchical arrangement of people into unequal social classes or groups. Creates systematic inequality in resources and power.

Primate city. Dominates the urban hierarchy, often twice the size of second city.

Condition that attracts people to destination (for example, city jobs). Positive urban features draw rural populations to cities.

Shift from infectious disease deaths to chronic/degenerative disease deaths. Better healthcare shifts mortality from infections to aging diseases.

Average number of children born per woman over her lifetime. Measures reproductive behavior at population level.

Approximately $2.1$ children per woman. Accounts for infant mortality requiring slightly above 2.0.

Upgrading of urban areas that raises costs and displaces prior residents. Often changes neighborhood demographics and culture.

Stage 4 (postindustrial). Both rates equalize at low levels, creating zero growth.

Stage 3 (late industrial). Education and contraception reduce births as mortality stays low.

Ratio of dependents (young and old) to working-age population. Higher ratios mean fewer workers support more non-workers.