All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is urbanization in sociology?
Answer: Population shift from rural areas to cities, increasing urban living. Creates concentrated populations in metropolitan areas.
Flashcard 2: What is industrialization in sociology?
Answer: Shift from agrarian production to mechanized, factory-based production. Transforms economies from manual labor to machine production.
Flashcard 3: What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?
Answer: Model linking development to changes in birth and death rates over time. Explains population growth patterns as societies modernize.
Flashcard 4: What is suburbanization?
Answer: Movement of residents and businesses from cities to surrounding suburbs. Often driven by housing costs and desire for space.
Flashcard 5: What is a megacity in demographic terms?
Answer: Urban area with population greater than 10 million. Examples include Tokyo, Mumbai, and São Paulo.
Flashcard 6: What is social stratification?
Answer: Structured inequality in access to resources, power, and prestige. Creates hierarchies based on class, race, and status.
Flashcard 7: What is the fundamental cause of the rural-to-urban shift during industrialization?
Answer: Concentration of wage labor and factories in urban centers. Jobs in factories drew workers from agricultural areas.
Flashcard 8: Which concept describes the weakening of social ties due to mobility and urban living?
Answer: Social disorganization. Rapid change disrupts traditional community bonds.
Flashcard 9: Which option best describes a common health pattern during early industrialization?
Answer: High infectious disease burden from crowding and poor sanitation. Industrial cities initially had poor public health systems.
Flashcard 10: Which theory argues that industrialization shifts families toward a nuclear form?
Answer: Functionalism (industrial society favors nuclear families and mobility). Parsons argued extended families hinder geographic mobility.
Flashcard 11: Which DTM stage has high birth rates but rapidly declining death rates?
Answer: Stage 2 (early industrial). Medical advances reduce mortality while fertility remains high.
Flashcard 12: Which DTM stage has high birth rates and high death rates?
Answer: Stage 1 (preindustrial). Both rates are high, resulting in stable but small populations.
Flashcard 13: What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?
Answer: Model linking economic development to changes in birth and death rates. Shows how population growth patterns change with modernization.
Flashcard 14: What is industrialization in sociology?
Answer: Shift from agrarian economies to machine-based manufacturing and industry. Transforms production from manual labor to mechanized systems.
Flashcard 15: What is urbanization in sociology?
Answer: Population shift from rural areas to cities, increasing urban residence. Movement of people concentrates populations in metropolitan areas.
Flashcard 16: Which concept best fits: a city grows due to in-migration from rural areas for factory work?
Answer: Urbanization driven by industrial pull factors. Industrial jobs attract rural workers, causing urban growth.
Flashcard 17: What is suburbanization?
Answer: Population movement from central cities to surrounding suburban areas. Post-WWII phenomenon driven by cars and housing preferences.
Flashcard 18: What is gentrification?
Answer: Urban renewal with affluent in-migration and displacement of prior residents. Economic revitalization often increases housing costs.
Flashcard 19: What is residential segregation in the context of urbanization?
Answer: Physical separation of groups into different neighborhoods by race or class. Creates unequal access to resources and opportunities.
Flashcard 20: What is the difference between absolute poverty and relative poverty?
Answer: Absolute: basic needs unmet; Relative: below society’s typical standard. Absolute is objective deprivation; relative is comparative.
Flashcard 21: What is social stratification?
Answer: Hierarchical arrangement of people into unequal social classes or groups. Creates systematic inequality in resources and power.
Flashcard 22: Identify the concept: a city has >50% of a nation’s urban population in one metro area.
Answer: Primate city. Dominates the urban hierarchy, often twice the size of second city.
Flashcard 23: What is a pull factor in rural-to-urban migration?
Answer: Condition that attracts people to destination (for example, city jobs). Positive urban features draw rural populations to cities.
Flashcard 24: What is the epidemiologic transition associated with industrialization?
Answer: Shift from infectious disease deaths to chronic/degenerative disease deaths. Better healthcare shifts mortality from infections to aging diseases.
Flashcard 25: What is the fertility rate (total fertility rate, TFR)?
Answer: Average number of children born per woman over her lifetime. Measures reproductive behavior at population level.
Flashcard 26: What is the replacement-level fertility rate in developed countries?
Answer: Approximately 2.1 children per woman. Accounts for infant mortality requiring slightly above 2.0.
Flashcard 27: What is gentrification?
Answer: Upgrading of urban areas that raises costs and displaces prior residents. Often changes neighborhood demographics and culture.
Flashcard 28: Which DTM stage has low birth rates and low death rates with stable population?
Answer: Stage 4 (postindustrial). Both rates equalize at low levels, creating zero growth.
Flashcard 29: Which DTM stage has declining birth rates with low death rates?
Answer: Stage 3 (late industrial). Education and contraception reduce births as mortality stays low.
Flashcard 30: What is the dependency ratio?
Answer: Ratio of dependents (young and old) to working-age population. Higher ratios mean fewer workers support more non-workers.