Discrimination: Individual and Institutional (8C) - MCAT Psychological and Social Foundations
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What is implicit bias?
What is implicit bias?
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Unconscious attitudes or associations that influence judgments and actions. Automatic biases operating below conscious awareness.
Unconscious attitudes or associations that influence judgments and actions. Automatic biases operating below conscious awareness.
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What is stereotyping?
What is stereotyping?
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Generalized beliefs about members of a group. Oversimplified assumptions applied to all group members.
Generalized beliefs about members of a group. Oversimplified assumptions applied to all group members.
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What is the key difference between prejudice and discrimination?
What is the key difference between prejudice and discrimination?
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Prejudice is attitude; discrimination is behavior. Attitudes are internal; behaviors are external actions.
Prejudice is attitude; discrimination is behavior. Attitudes are internal; behaviors are external actions.
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What is prejudice?
What is prejudice?
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Negative attitude or feeling toward a group and its members. Preconceived opinion not based on reason or experience.
Negative attitude or feeling toward a group and its members. Preconceived opinion not based on reason or experience.
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What is the relationship between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?
What is the relationship between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?
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Stereotypes can foster prejudice, which can lead to discrimination. Sequential progression from thoughts to feelings to actions.
Stereotypes can foster prejudice, which can lead to discrimination. Sequential progression from thoughts to feelings to actions.
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What is discrimination in the MCAT social science context?
What is discrimination in the MCAT social science context?
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Differential treatment of people based on group membership. Unfair actions based on social category, not individual merit.
Differential treatment of people based on group membership. Unfair actions based on social category, not individual merit.
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What is individual discrimination?
What is individual discrimination?
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Discriminatory actions by individuals toward others. Person-to-person bias enacted through behaviors.
Discriminatory actions by individuals toward others. Person-to-person bias enacted through behaviors.
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Identify the term: historical and ongoing disadvantages that persist through institutions.
Identify the term: historical and ongoing disadvantages that persist through institutions.
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Structural inequality. Systemic barriers perpetuating group disadvantages.
Structural inequality. Systemic barriers perpetuating group disadvantages.
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Identify the type: A standardized test requirement disproportionately excludes one group.
Identify the type: A standardized test requirement disproportionately excludes one group.
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Institutional discrimination (often via disparate impact). Neutral rule creates unequal outcomes across groups.
Institutional discrimination (often via disparate impact). Neutral rule creates unequal outcomes across groups.
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What is disparate impact in discrimination contexts?
What is disparate impact in discrimination contexts?
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Unequal outcomes from a policy without requiring intent. Discriminatory effects regardless of discriminatory intent.
Unequal outcomes from a policy without requiring intent. Discriminatory effects regardless of discriminatory intent.
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What is disparate treatment in discrimination contexts?
What is disparate treatment in discrimination contexts?
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Intentional differential treatment of individuals based on group status. Purposeful bias in how people are treated differently.
Intentional differential treatment of individuals based on group status. Purposeful bias in how people are treated differently.
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What is racism as defined in MCAT sociology?
What is racism as defined in MCAT sociology?
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Belief that one racial group is inherently superior to another. Ideology justifying racial hierarchy and oppression.
Belief that one racial group is inherently superior to another. Ideology justifying racial hierarchy and oppression.
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Identify the concept: a policy is neutral on its face but produces unequal outcomes by group.
Identify the concept: a policy is neutral on its face but produces unequal outcomes by group.
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Institutional discrimination (often via disparate impact). Facially neutral rules creating discriminatory effects.
Institutional discrimination (often via disparate impact). Facially neutral rules creating discriminatory effects.
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What is a microaggression?
What is a microaggression?
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Subtle, often unintentional act or comment that conveys bias. Brief, everyday slights that communicate hostile messages.
Subtle, often unintentional act or comment that conveys bias. Brief, everyday slights that communicate hostile messages.
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What is explicit bias?
What is explicit bias?
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Conscious, self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a group. Deliberate biases one is aware of and can articulate.
Conscious, self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a group. Deliberate biases one is aware of and can articulate.
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What is institutional discrimination?
What is institutional discrimination?
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Discrimination embedded in laws, policies, or institutional practices. Systemic bias built into organizational structures.
Discrimination embedded in laws, policies, or institutional practices. Systemic bias built into organizational structures.
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Which option best distinguishes individual from institutional discrimination?
Which option best distinguishes individual from institutional discrimination?
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Individual is person-level behavior; institutional is system-level policy/practice. Individual acts at micro level; institutional operates at macro level.
Individual is person-level behavior; institutional is system-level policy/practice. Individual acts at micro level; institutional operates at macro level.
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Which option is an example of individual discrimination: a landlord refuses to rent to one group.
Which option is an example of individual discrimination: a landlord refuses to rent to one group.
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Individual discrimination. Personal bias enacted by one person against another.
Individual discrimination. Personal bias enacted by one person against another.
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Which option is an example of institutional discrimination: a bank policy yields fewer loans to one group.
Which option is an example of institutional discrimination: a bank policy yields fewer loans to one group.
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Institutional discrimination. Organizational practice creating unequal group outcomes.
Institutional discrimination. Organizational practice creating unequal group outcomes.
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Identify the best classification: a clinician under-treats pain due to biased beliefs about a group.
Identify the best classification: a clinician under-treats pain due to biased beliefs about a group.
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Individual discrimination. Healthcare provider's personal bias affecting treatment.
Individual discrimination. Healthcare provider's personal bias affecting treatment.
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Identify the best classification: a school district funds schools via property taxes, widening racial gaps.
Identify the best classification: a school district funds schools via property taxes, widening racial gaps.
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Institutional discrimination. Funding mechanism perpetuating educational inequities.
Institutional discrimination. Funding mechanism perpetuating educational inequities.
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Which option best distinguishes prejudice from discrimination?
Which option best distinguishes prejudice from discrimination?
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Prejudice is attitude; discrimination is behavior. Prejudice is internal; discrimination is external action.
Prejudice is attitude; discrimination is behavior. Prejudice is internal; discrimination is external action.
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What is intersectionality in the context of discrimination?
What is intersectionality in the context of discrimination?
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Overlapping identities create unique, compounded discrimination. Multiple identities (race, gender) interact to intensify bias.
Overlapping identities create unique, compounded discrimination. Multiple identities (race, gender) interact to intensify bias.
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Identify the concept: a company promotes fewer women due to a "culture fit" rule that favors men.
Identify the concept: a company promotes fewer women due to a "culture fit" rule that favors men.
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Institutional discrimination. Organizational culture systematically disadvantages women.
Institutional discrimination. Organizational culture systematically disadvantages women.
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Which option best describes "disparate impact" (adverse impact)?
Which option best describes "disparate impact" (adverse impact)?
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Neutral policy with disproportionately harmful group outcomes. Facially neutral policies with discriminatory effects.
Neutral policy with disproportionately harmful group outcomes. Facially neutral policies with discriminatory effects.
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Identify the concept: unequal outcomes persist even without biased individuals due to rules and norms.
Identify the concept: unequal outcomes persist even without biased individuals due to rules and norms.
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Institutional discrimination. Systems perpetuate inequality without individual intent.
Institutional discrimination. Systems perpetuate inequality without individual intent.
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Identify the concept: a landlord refuses to rent to an applicant because of race.
Identify the concept: a landlord refuses to rent to an applicant because of race.
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Individual discrimination. Direct person-to-person discriminatory action.
Individual discrimination. Direct person-to-person discriminatory action.
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Identify the concept: a standardized test requirement disproportionately excludes one group without job relevance.
Identify the concept: a standardized test requirement disproportionately excludes one group without job relevance.
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Institutional discrimination. Neutral rule creates unequal outcomes by group.
Institutional discrimination. Neutral rule creates unequal outcomes by group.
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Which option best describes "disparate treatment" in discrimination law concepts used in sociology?
Which option best describes "disparate treatment" in discrimination law concepts used in sociology?
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Intentional differential treatment of individuals by group status. Legal term for deliberate unequal treatment.
Intentional differential treatment of individuals by group status. Legal term for deliberate unequal treatment.
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Which option best distinguishes stereotypes from discrimination?
Which option best distinguishes stereotypes from discrimination?
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Stereotypes are beliefs; discrimination is differential treatment. Stereotypes are cognitive; discrimination is behavioral.
Stereotypes are beliefs; discrimination is differential treatment. Stereotypes are cognitive; discrimination is behavioral.
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