Stigma, Ethnocentrism, and Cultural Relativism (8B) - MCAT Psychological and Social Foundations
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Identify the term: denying jobs to a group due to a negative label about that group.
Identify the term: denying jobs to a group due to a negative label about that group.
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Discrimination (enacted stigma). Active differential treatment based on group membership.
Discrimination (enacted stigma). Active differential treatment based on group membership.
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Identify the term: a parent is avoided socially because their child has a stigmatized condition.
Identify the term: a parent is avoided socially because their child has a stigmatized condition.
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Courtesy stigma. Stigma transfers through social connections.
Courtesy stigma. Stigma transfers through social connections.
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Identify the term: laws and institutional rules produce unequal outcomes for a stigmatized group.
Identify the term: laws and institutional rules produce unequal outcomes for a stigmatized group.
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Structural stigma. Discriminatory policies built into social structures.
Structural stigma. Discriminatory policies built into social structures.
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Identify the term: a student underperforms after being reminded of a stereotype about their group.
Identify the term: a student underperforms after being reminded of a stereotype about their group.
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Stereotype threat. Awareness of stereotypes impairs task performance.
Stereotype threat. Awareness of stereotypes impairs task performance.
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Identify the term: a patient believes public stereotypes about mental illness apply to them.
Identify the term: a patient believes public stereotypes about mental illness apply to them.
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Self-stigma (internalized stigma). Accepting society's negative views as personal truth.
Self-stigma (internalized stigma). Accepting society's negative views as personal truth.
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What is stigma in sociology and social psychology?
What is stigma in sociology and social psychology?
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A devalued social attribute that discredits a person in others' eyes. Stigma marks someone as different and inferior in social interactions.
A devalued social attribute that discredits a person in others' eyes. Stigma marks someone as different and inferior in social interactions.
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What is the difference between enacted stigma and felt (internalized) stigma?
What is the difference between enacted stigma and felt (internalized) stigma?
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Enacted: discrimination by others; felt: shame and self-devaluation. Enacted is external treatment; felt is internal experience.
Enacted: discrimination by others; felt: shame and self-devaluation. Enacted is external treatment; felt is internal experience.
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What is structural stigma?
What is structural stigma?
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Institutional policies and norms that systematically disadvantage a group. Embedded in organizations and systems, not just individual actions.
Institutional policies and norms that systematically disadvantage a group. Embedded in organizations and systems, not just individual actions.
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What is courtesy stigma (stigma by association)?
What is courtesy stigma (stigma by association)?
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Stigma directed at people connected to a stigmatized individual or group. Associates face stigma due to their relationship with stigmatized persons.
Stigma directed at people connected to a stigmatized individual or group. Associates face stigma due to their relationship with stigmatized persons.
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What is self-stigma?
What is self-stigma?
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Internalization of public stigma, leading to reduced self-esteem and efficacy. Person accepts negative stereotypes as true about themselves.
Internalization of public stigma, leading to reduced self-esteem and efficacy. Person accepts negative stereotypes as true about themselves.
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What is labeling theory as it relates to stigma?
What is labeling theory as it relates to stigma?
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Labels shape identity and behavior, promoting deviance via social reactions. Society's reaction to labels creates the deviant behavior.
Labels shape identity and behavior, promoting deviance via social reactions. Society's reaction to labels creates the deviant behavior.
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What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of stigma?
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of stigma?
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Expectations trigger behaviors that make the expected outcome more likely. Belief in a prediction causes actions that fulfill it.
Expectations trigger behaviors that make the expected outcome more likely. Belief in a prediction causes actions that fulfill it.
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Which term describes a clinician interpreting symptoms using the patient's cultural norms, not their own?
Which term describes a clinician interpreting symptoms using the patient's cultural norms, not their own?
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Cultural relativism. Avoids ethnocentric bias in clinical assessment.
Cultural relativism. Avoids ethnocentric bias in clinical assessment.
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What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
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Prejudice: attitudes; discrimination: behaviors that disadvantage a group. Prejudice is internal bias; discrimination is external action.
Prejudice: attitudes; discrimination: behaviors that disadvantage a group. Prejudice is internal bias; discrimination is external action.
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What is the difference between stereotypes and prejudice?
What is the difference between stereotypes and prejudice?
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Stereotypes: beliefs; prejudice: evaluative attitudes toward a group. Stereotypes are cognitive; prejudice is affective/emotional.
Stereotypes: beliefs; prejudice: evaluative attitudes toward a group. Stereotypes are cognitive; prejudice is affective/emotional.
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What is the “medicalization of deviance” and how does it relate to stigma?
What is the “medicalization of deviance” and how does it relate to stigma?
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Defining deviance as illness; can reduce blame yet still sustain stigma. Medical framing may reduce moral blame but maintains otherness.
Defining deviance as illness; can reduce blame yet still sustain stigma. Medical framing may reduce moral blame but maintains otherness.
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What is cultural imperialism?
What is cultural imperialism?
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Promoting one culture’s values as universal and imposing them on others. Dominant culture forces its worldview onto others.
Promoting one culture’s values as universal and imposing them on others. Dominant culture forces its worldview onto others.
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What is xenocentrism?
What is xenocentrism?
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Belief that another culture is superior to one’s own culture. Opposite of ethnocentrism; devalues one's own culture.
Belief that another culture is superior to one’s own culture. Opposite of ethnocentrism; devalues one's own culture.
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Identify the concept: “To understand this practice, interpret it using local meanings.”
Identify the concept: “To understand this practice, interpret it using local meanings.”
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Cultural relativism. Seeks emic (insider) rather than etic (outsider) understanding.
Cultural relativism. Seeks emic (insider) rather than etic (outsider) understanding.
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Identify the concept: “My culture’s customs are normal; others are wrong or inferior.”
Identify the concept: “My culture’s customs are normal; others are wrong or inferior.”
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Ethnocentrism. Classic ethnocentric thinking: my way is the right way.
Ethnocentrism. Classic ethnocentric thinking: my way is the right way.
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Which option best describes cultural relativism: judging by your culture or by theirs?
Which option best describes cultural relativism: judging by your culture or by theirs?
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By theirs (within the culture’s own norms and meanings). Relativism requires understanding from insider perspective.
By theirs (within the culture’s own norms and meanings). Relativism requires understanding from insider perspective.
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What is structural stigma?
What is structural stigma?
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Societal-level policies and institutions that systematically disadvantage a group. Discrimination embedded in laws, policies, and institutions.
Societal-level policies and institutions that systematically disadvantage a group. Discrimination embedded in laws, policies, and institutions.
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What is courtesy stigma (stigma by association)?
What is courtesy stigma (stigma by association)?
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Stigmatization of someone due to association with a stigmatized person. Family/friends of stigmatized individuals face stigma too.
Stigmatization of someone due to association with a stigmatized person. Family/friends of stigmatized individuals face stigma too.
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What is self-stigma (internalized stigma)?
What is self-stigma (internalized stigma)?
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Accepting negative stereotypes about one’s own group as true. Person internalizes society's negative views of their group.
Accepting negative stereotypes about one’s own group as true. Person internalizes society's negative views of their group.
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What is the difference between enacted stigma and felt (perceived) stigma?
What is the difference between enacted stigma and felt (perceived) stigma?
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Enacted: discrimination; Felt: expectation or fear of being stigmatized. Enacted is actual discrimination; felt is anticipated stigma.
Enacted: discrimination; Felt: expectation or fear of being stigmatized. Enacted is actual discrimination; felt is anticipated stigma.
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What is stigma in sociology and social psychology?
What is stigma in sociology and social psychology?
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A discrediting attribute that reduces a person to a tainted identity. Marks someone as 'spoiled' or devalued in social interactions.
A discrediting attribute that reduces a person to a tainted identity. Marks someone as 'spoiled' or devalued in social interactions.
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What is the difference between a discredited and a discreditable stigma?
What is the difference between a discredited and a discreditable stigma?
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Discredited: visible/known; Discreditable: concealable/not yet known. Goffman's distinction based on visibility of the stigma.
Discredited: visible/known; Discreditable: concealable/not yet known. Goffman's distinction based on visibility of the stigma.
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What is a master status?
What is a master status?
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A status that dominates social identity and shapes others’ perceptions. Overshadows all other characteristics (e.g., 'criminal').
A status that dominates social identity and shapes others’ perceptions. Overshadows all other characteristics (e.g., 'criminal').
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What is labeling theory in the context of deviance and stigma?
What is labeling theory in the context of deviance and stigma?
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Deviance is shaped by being labeled, leading to identity change and exclusion. Labels create self-fulfilling prophecies and social exclusion.
Deviance is shaped by being labeled, leading to identity change and exclusion. Labels create self-fulfilling prophecies and social exclusion.
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What is the key distinction between stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination?
What is the key distinction between stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination?
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Stereotype: belief; Prejudice: attitude; Discrimination: behavior. Cognitive vs. affective vs. behavioral components of bias.
Stereotype: belief; Prejudice: attitude; Discrimination: behavior. Cognitive vs. affective vs. behavioral components of bias.
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