All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Identify the term: denying jobs to a group due to a negative label about that group.
Answer: Discrimination (enacted stigma). Active differential treatment based on group membership.
Flashcard 2: Identify the term: a parent is avoided socially because their child has a stigmatized condition.
Answer: Courtesy stigma. Stigma transfers through social connections.
Flashcard 3: Identify the term: laws and institutional rules produce unequal outcomes for a stigmatized group.
Answer: Structural stigma. Discriminatory policies built into social structures.
Flashcard 4: Identify the term: a student underperforms after being reminded of a stereotype about their group.
Answer: Stereotype threat. Awareness of stereotypes impairs task performance.
Flashcard 5: Identify the term: a patient believes public stereotypes about mental illness apply to them.
Answer: Self-stigma (internalized stigma). Accepting society's negative views as personal truth.
Flashcard 6: What is stigma in sociology and social psychology?
Answer: A devalued social attribute that discredits a person in others' eyes. Stigma marks someone as different and inferior in social interactions.
Flashcard 7: What is the difference between enacted stigma and felt (internalized) stigma?
Answer: Enacted: discrimination by others; felt: shame and self-devaluation. Enacted is external treatment; felt is internal experience.
Flashcard 8: What is structural stigma?
Answer: Institutional policies and norms that systematically disadvantage a group. Embedded in organizations and systems, not just individual actions.
Flashcard 9: What is courtesy stigma (stigma by association)?
Answer: Stigma directed at people connected to a stigmatized individual or group. Associates face stigma due to their relationship with stigmatized persons.
Flashcard 10: What is self-stigma?
Answer: Internalization of public stigma, leading to reduced self-esteem and efficacy. Person accepts negative stereotypes as true about themselves.
Flashcard 11: What is labeling theory as it relates to stigma?
Answer: Labels shape identity and behavior, promoting deviance via social reactions. Society's reaction to labels creates the deviant behavior.
Flashcard 12: What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of stigma?
Answer: Expectations trigger behaviors that make the expected outcome more likely. Belief in a prediction causes actions that fulfill it.
Flashcard 13: Which term describes a clinician interpreting symptoms using the patient's cultural norms, not their own?
Answer: Cultural relativism. Avoids ethnocentric bias in clinical assessment.
Flashcard 14: What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Answer: Prejudice: attitudes; discrimination: behaviors that disadvantage a group. Prejudice is internal bias; discrimination is external action.
Flashcard 15: What is the difference between stereotypes and prejudice?
Answer: Stereotypes: beliefs; prejudice: evaluative attitudes toward a group. Stereotypes are cognitive; prejudice is affective/emotional.
Flashcard 16: What is the “medicalization of deviance” and how does it relate to stigma?
Answer: Defining deviance as illness; can reduce blame yet still sustain stigma. Medical framing may reduce moral blame but maintains otherness.
Flashcard 17: What is cultural imperialism?
Answer: Promoting one culture’s values as universal and imposing them on others. Dominant culture forces its worldview onto others.
Flashcard 18: What is xenocentrism?
Answer: Belief that another culture is superior to one’s own culture. Opposite of ethnocentrism; devalues one's own culture.
Flashcard 19: Identify the concept: “To understand this practice, interpret it using local meanings.”
Answer: Cultural relativism. Seeks emic (insider) rather than etic (outsider) understanding.
Flashcard 20: Identify the concept: “My culture’s customs are normal; others are wrong or inferior.”
Answer: Ethnocentrism. Classic ethnocentric thinking: my way is the right way.
Flashcard 21: Which option best describes cultural relativism: judging by your culture or by theirs?
Answer: By theirs (within the culture’s own norms and meanings). Relativism requires understanding from insider perspective.
Flashcard 22: What is structural stigma?
Answer: Societal-level policies and institutions that systematically disadvantage a group. Discrimination embedded in laws, policies, and institutions.
Flashcard 23: What is courtesy stigma (stigma by association)?
Answer: Stigmatization of someone due to association with a stigmatized person. Family/friends of stigmatized individuals face stigma too.
Flashcard 24: What is self-stigma (internalized stigma)?
Answer: Accepting negative stereotypes about one’s own group as true. Person internalizes society's negative views of their group.
Flashcard 25: What is the difference between enacted stigma and felt (perceived) stigma?
Answer: Enacted: discrimination; Felt: expectation or fear of being stigmatized. Enacted is actual discrimination; felt is anticipated stigma.
Flashcard 26: What is stigma in sociology and social psychology?
Answer: A discrediting attribute that reduces a person to a tainted identity. Marks someone as 'spoiled' or devalued in social interactions.
Flashcard 27: What is the difference between a discredited and a discreditable stigma?
Answer: Discredited: visible/known; Discreditable: concealable/not yet known. Goffman's distinction based on visibility of the stigma.
Flashcard 28: What is a master status?
Answer: A status that dominates social identity and shapes others’ perceptions. Overshadows all other characteristics (e.g., 'criminal').
Flashcard 29: What is labeling theory in the context of deviance and stigma?
Answer: Deviance is shaped by being labeled, leading to identity change and exclusion. Labels create self-fulfilling prophecies and social exclusion.
Flashcard 30: What is the key distinction between stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination?
Answer: Stereotype: belief; Prejudice: attitude; Discrimination: behavior. Cognitive vs. affective vs. behavioral components of bias.