All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which model similarity most increases imitation: similar or dissimilar to the observer?
Answer: Similar to the observer. People imitate those they perceive as like themselves.
Flashcard 2: Which option best describes the attention process in observational learning?
Answer: Noticing the model and relevant features of the behavior. First step: must focus on the model to learn from them.
Flashcard 3: What is the key difference between observational learning and operant conditioning?
Answer: Observational learning is vicarious; operant depends on own consequences. Learning from others' experiences vs learning from personal reinforcement.
Flashcard 4: What term describes copying a model's behavior after observing it?
Answer: Imitation. Direct replication of observed actions without modification.
Flashcard 5: What is outcome expectancy in social-cognitive theory?
Answer: Belief that a behavior will lead to a specific outcome. Expectations about consequences influence behavioral choices.
Flashcard 6: Which option best indicates observational learning: reward is unnecessary, but motivation is required?
Answer: Reward is not required for learning, but affects performance via motivation. Learning occurs without reinforcement; performance requires motivation.
Flashcard 7: Which observational learning process depends most on physical ability and practice?
Answer: Reproduction. Motor skills and coordination limit behavioral imitation.
Flashcard 8: What is the key distinction between observational learning and operant conditioning?
Answer: Observational learning does not require direct reinforcement. Learning occurs without personally experiencing consequences of the behavior.
Flashcard 9: Identify the missing process: A teen remembers a dance but cannot physically perform it.
Answer: Reproduction. Physical/cognitive limitations prevent executing remembered behaviors.
Flashcard 10: Identify the best conclusion: A child imitates a peer only when adults are watching.
Answer: Motivation (anticipated social consequences) drives performance. Performance depends on context; learning may be hidden until motivated.
Flashcard 11: Identify the concept: observing a model increases behavior even without reward or punishment.
Answer: Observational learning can occur without reinforcement. Challenges behaviorism: learning happens without direct reinforcement.
Flashcard 12: Which option best describes the motivation process in observational learning?
Answer: Expecting valued outcomes from performing the behavior. Fourth step: need incentive to convert learning into action.
Flashcard 13: Which option best describes the retention process in observational learning?
Answer: Encoding and remembering the observed behavior. Second step: storing the behavior in memory for later use.
Flashcard 14: What is the difference between acquisition and performance in observational learning?
Answer: Acquisition is learning; performance is executing the learned behavior. Learning can occur without showing it; performance requires motivation.
Flashcard 15: What is identification in observational learning?
Answer: Adopting behaviors of a model because one relates to or admires them. Goes beyond mere copying to internalizing the model's values/attitudes.
Flashcard 16: Identify the term for learning a behavior by observing consequences to others.
Answer: Vicarious learning. Learning through others' experiences rather than our own trial-and-error.
Flashcard 17: Which model characteristic increases imitation: similar or dissimilar to the observer?
Answer: Similar to the observer. We imitate those we perceive as like ourselves more readily.
Flashcard 18: What term describes learning that occurs without immediate behavioral change?
Answer: Latent learning. Knowledge is acquired but not expressed until needed or motivated.
Flashcard 19: What is modeling in the context of observational learning?
Answer: Demonstrating a behavior that an observer may imitate. The model serves as the behavioral template for observers to copy.
Flashcard 20: What is observational learning in social-cognitive theory?
Answer: Learning by observing others, not by direct personal experience. Bandura's key insight: we learn from watching others' actions and outcomes.
Flashcard 21: What is self-efficacy in Bandura's theory?
Answer: Belief in one's ability to perform behaviors to reach goals. Confidence in executing behaviors influences motivation to attempt them.
Flashcard 22: Which option best fits: After seeing a sibling praised for studying, a student studies more.
Answer: Vicarious reinforcement. Observing positive consequences to others increases our behavior.
Flashcard 23: What are the four processes required for observational learning in Bandura’s model?
Answer: Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. These sequential steps enable successful observational learning to occur.
Flashcard 24: Identify the outcome: A child stops imitating a peer after seeing the peer punished for it.
Answer: Vicarious punishment. Witnessing negative consequences decreases imitation likelihood.
Flashcard 25: Identify the outcome: A child imitates a sibling more after seeing the sibling praised.
Answer: Vicarious reinforcement. Witnessing positive consequences increases imitation likelihood.
Flashcard 26: Which process is missing if a person can perform a behavior but chooses not to due to no incentive?
Answer: Motivation. Lacks desire or reason to perform despite having the capability.
Flashcard 27: Which process is missing if a person recalls a behavior but lacks the physical ability to do it?
Answer: Reproduction. Physical or skill limitations prevent executing the observed behavior.
Flashcard 28: Which process is missing if a person watches a skill but cannot later recall the steps?
Answer: Retention. Memory storage of observed behavior failed; cannot reproduce later.
Flashcard 29: Identify the correct term: learning a behavior by watching, without performing it during learning.
Answer: Observational learning. No direct practice needed; learning occurs through observation alone.
Flashcard 30: What is the Bobo doll experiment primarily used to demonstrate?
Answer: Observational learning of aggression through modeling. Children imitated aggressive behaviors after watching adult models.