All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Identify the concept: a crowd member feels unaccountable and acts aggressively due to anonymity.
Answer: Deindividuation. Anonymity in crowds reduces self-awareness and accountability.
Flashcard 2: Which intervention best reduces social loafing: shared group grade or individual accountability?
Answer: Individual accountability for contributions. Making contributions visible prevents hiding in the group.
Flashcard 3: What is the free rider problem as it relates to social loafing?
Answer: Withholding effort because one expects others to carry the workload. Assumes others will compensate for one's reduced effort.
Flashcard 4: Identify the key arousal-based principle behind social facilitation effects on performance.
Answer: Arousal increases the likelihood of the dominant response. Zajonc's core principle linking arousal to behavior.
Flashcard 5: What is the Ringelmann effect in studies of group effort?
Answer: Individual effort decreases as group size increases. Classic finding showing coordination loss in groups.
Flashcard 6: Which option best explains social loafing: diffusion of responsibility or group polarization?
Answer: Diffusion of responsibility. Responsibility spreads across group members.
Flashcard 7: What is the Ringelmann effect in the context of group performance?
Answer: Average individual output decreases as group size increases. Coordination losses and motivation losses compound.
Flashcard 8: Which group characteristic increases social loafing most: larger group size or smaller group size?
Answer: Larger group size. More members means less individual accountability.
Flashcard 9: What is deindividuation in social psychology?
Answer: Loss of self-awareness and reduced restraint in a group. Group immersion diminishes individual identity.
Flashcard 10: What is the sucker effect in group tasks?
Answer: Reducing effort to avoid being exploited when others are loafing. Self-protective response to perceived inequity.
Flashcard 11: What is the free-rider problem as it relates to social loafing?
Answer: Withholding effort while benefiting from others' work. Individuals exploit collective effort without contributing.
Flashcard 12: What is the primary behavioral consequence of deindividuation?
Answer: Increased impulsive or norm-driven behavior and reduced self-control. Loss of self-awareness weakens internal restraints.
Flashcard 13: Identify the expected effort change when a groupās goal is highly meaningful to members.
Answer: Less social loafing; individual effort tends to increase. High task importance motivates individual effort despite group setting.
Flashcard 14: What is social facilitation in the context of performance with others present?
Answer: Improved performance on well-learned tasks due to othersā presence. Arousal from others' presence enhances dominant responses on familiar tasks.
Flashcard 15: What is social inhibition as predicted by social facilitation theory?
Answer: Worsened performance on novel or complex tasks due to othersā presence. Arousal impairs performance when dominant response is incorrect for new tasks.
Flashcard 16: What does Zajoncās theory propose is increased by the mere presence of others?
Answer: Physiological arousal. Zajonc proposed mere presence triggers arousal, affecting performance.
Flashcard 17: In Zajoncās model, what does increased arousal do to the dominant response?
Answer: It increases the likelihood of the dominant response. Arousal makes the most practiced response more likely to occur.
Flashcard 18: Which option best describes the dominant response: well-learned or newly learned behavior?
Answer: Well-learned, most likely response in that situation. Dominant responses are automatic, habitual behaviors in familiar situations.
Flashcard 19: Identify the performance outcome when others are present and the task is simple and well-practiced.
Answer: Performance increases (social facilitation). Simple tasks have correct dominant responses, so arousal helps performance.
Flashcard 20: Identify the performance outcome when others are present and the task is difficult or unfamiliar.
Answer: Performance decreases (social inhibition). Complex tasks lack correct dominant responses, so arousal hurts performance.
Flashcard 21: What is evaluation apprehension as a mechanism for social facilitation effects?
Answer: Arousal from concern about being judged by others. Fear of negative evaluation by observers increases arousal and affects performance.
Flashcard 22: What is the mere presence effect in social facilitation research?
Answer: Arousal and performance change from othersā presence without evaluation. Presence alone causes arousal, even without possibility of judgment.
Flashcard 23: What is social loafing in group performance situations?
Answer: Reduced individual effort when working in a group. People exert less effort when their individual contribution is unidentifiable.
Flashcard 24: What is the primary cause of social loafing emphasized on the MCAT?
Answer: Diffusion of responsibility and reduced accountability. Individual contributions get lost in the group, reducing personal accountability.
Flashcard 25: Identify the term for decreased effort when individual contributions are not identifiable.
Answer: Social loafing. When individual efforts can't be measured, people reduce their effort.
Flashcard 26: Which manipulation most directly reduces social loafing: anonymity or identifiability?
Answer: Increasing identifiability of individual contributions. Making individual efforts visible creates accountability and reduces loafing.
Flashcard 27: What is the free-rider effect as it relates to social loafing?
Answer: Withholding effort because others will do the work. Individuals rely on others to carry the workload without contributing equally.
Flashcard 28: What is the sucker effect in group work contexts?
Answer: Reducing effort to avoid being exploited by free riders. People reduce effort to avoid doing more than their share for free riders.
Flashcard 29: What is deindividuation in social psychology?
Answer: Loss of self-awareness and restraint in a group, often with anonymity. Group immersion and anonymity reduce individual identity and inhibitions.
Flashcard 30: Which condition most strongly promotes deindividuation: anonymity or identifiability?
Answer: Anonymity. Being unidentifiable removes personal accountability for behavior.