All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is the definition of a social norm in group dynamics?
Answer: Shared, informal rule that guides behavior in a group. Unwritten expectations that regulate group member behavior.
Flashcard 2: What is the superordinate goals strategy for reducing intergroup conflict?
Answer: Shared goals requiring cooperation reduce hostility between groups. Common goals requiring interdependence unite opposing groups.
Flashcard 3: What is group polarization in group decision-making outcomes?
Answer: Shift toward more extreme attitudes after group discussion. Discussion amplifies initial leanings through repeated exposure and arguments.
Flashcard 4: What is social loafing when people work in groups?
Answer: Reduced individual effort when contributions are not identifiable. People exert less effort when their individual output can't be evaluated.
Flashcard 5: What is the contact hypothesis for reducing prejudice between groups?
Answer: Intergroup contact reduces prejudice under appropriate conditions. Equal status contact with common goals reduces bias.
Flashcard 6: What is the social facilitation effect on performance in the presence of others?
Answer: Improves simple tasks and impairs complex or novel tasks. Arousal from others enhances dominant responses.
Flashcard 7: Identify the group process: a team avoids dissent to preserve unanimity despite flaws.
Answer: Groupthink. Consensus pressure suppresses critical thinking.
Flashcard 8: Identify the group process: a person exerts less effort in a tug-of-war than alone.
Answer: Social loafing. Individual effort decreases when pooled with others.
Flashcard 9: What is groupthink in group decision-making?
Answer: Consensus-seeking that suppresses dissent and critical evaluation. Prioritizes harmony over realistic appraisal of alternatives.
Flashcard 10: What is the Ringelmann effect in group tasks?
Answer: Individual productivity decreases as group size increases. Coordination losses and motivation deficits compound with size.
Flashcard 11: What is the common knowledge effect in group discussions?
Answer: Groups over-discuss shared info and under-discuss unique info. Members focus on validating shared knowledge rather than pooling unique info.
Flashcard 12: What is groupthink in the context of group decision-making?
Answer: Consensus-seeking that suppresses dissent and impairs decision quality. Desire for harmony overrides critical thinking and realistic evaluation.
Flashcard 13: What is group polarization in group decision-making?
Answer: Shift toward a more extreme group position after discussion. Discussion amplifies initial tendencies through repeated exposure to similar views.
Flashcard 14: What is evaluation apprehension as it relates to group performance?
Answer: Performance changes due to concern about being judged by others. Fear of negative evaluation affects task performance in social settings.
Flashcard 15: What is the primary mechanism behind social facilitation (Zajonc)?
Answer: Increased arousal strengthens dominant responses. Presence of others creates arousal that amplifies habitual responses.
Flashcard 16: What is the social facilitation effect?
Answer: Others’ presence improves easy tasks and impairs difficult tasks. Arousal from others enhances well-learned responses, hinders new ones.
Flashcard 17: What is deindividuation in group behavior?
Answer: Loss of self-awareness and restraint due to anonymity in a group. Group anonymity reduces self-monitoring and increases impulsive behavior.
Flashcard 18: What is diffusion of responsibility in a group setting?
Answer: Reduced sense of personal accountability when others are present. Shared responsibility dilutes individual obligation to act.
Flashcard 19: What is the hidden profile problem in group decision-making?
Answer: Best option is missed because unshared info is not pooled effectively. Critical information remains unshared, leading to suboptimal decisions.
Flashcard 20: What is informational social influence in a group?
Answer: Conforming because others are viewed as a source of correct information. People look to others' behavior to determine reality in ambiguous situations.
Flashcard 21: What is normative social influence in a group?
Answer: Conforming to gain approval or avoid disapproval. Social pressure motivates compliance to maintain group acceptance.
Flashcard 22: What is pluralistic ignorance in group situations?
Answer: Privately rejecting a norm while assuming others accept it. Everyone misperceives group consensus due to public conformity.
Flashcard 23: Identify the group phenomenon: A unanimous committee ignores warning signs to preserve harmony.
Answer: Groupthink. Prioritizing consensus over critical analysis exemplifies this phenomenon.
Flashcard 24: Identify the group phenomenon: People work less hard on a tug-of-war when in a large team.
Answer: Social loafing. Reduced effort when individual contributions can't be identified.
Flashcard 25: Identify the group phenomenon: A crowd watches an emergency and no one calls for help.
Answer: Bystander effect. Diffusion of responsibility prevents individual helping behavior.
Flashcard 26: Identify the group phenomenon: After discussion, a jury becomes more extreme than its initial average.
Answer: Group polarization. Initial positions intensify through discussion and mutual reinforcement.
Flashcard 27: What is social loafing in a group task?
Answer: Reduced individual effort when contributions are pooled in a group. Individual contributions become unidentifiable, reducing motivation.
Flashcard 28: What is the choice shift phenomenon in group decision-making?
Answer: Group decision shifts from the pre-discussion average of members. Group dynamics move decisions away from individual starting positions.
Flashcard 29: What is the risky shift phenomenon in group decisions?
Answer: Groups choose riskier options than the average member would alone. Shared responsibility reduces individual caution in decision-making.
Flashcard 30: What is social facilitation as it relates to performance in the presence of others?
Answer: Presence of others improves dominant responses (easy tasks). Arousal enhances well-learned behaviors but impairs complex tasks.