Cognitive Development Across the Lifespan (6B) - MCAT Psychological and Social Foundations
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Which term describes a child's level of performance when aided by a more skilled partner?
Which term describes a child's level of performance when aided by a more skilled partner?
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Zone of proximal development (ZPD). Gap between independent ability and potential with guidance (Vygotsky).
Zone of proximal development (ZPD). Gap between independent ability and potential with guidance (Vygotsky).
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What is scaffolding in Vygotsky's theory?
What is scaffolding in Vygotsky's theory?
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Temporary support adjusted as competence increases. Like training wheels - gradually removed as child masters the skill.
Temporary support adjusted as competence increases. Like training wheels - gradually removed as child masters the skill.
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What is accommodation in Piaget's theory of adaptation?
What is accommodation in Piaget's theory of adaptation?
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Modifying schemas to incorporate new information. Creating new schemas or changing old ones when faced with new experiences.
Modifying schemas to incorporate new information. Creating new schemas or changing old ones when faced with new experiences.
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Which parenting style is low warmth and high control, often linked to anxious or withdrawn children?
Which parenting style is low warmth and high control, often linked to anxious or withdrawn children?
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Authoritarian parenting. Strict rules without warmth; "because I said so" approach.
Authoritarian parenting. Strict rules without warmth; "because I said so" approach.
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In Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial task of young adulthood?
In Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial task of young adulthood?
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Intimacy vs. isolation. Focus on forming close relationships versus remaining isolated.
Intimacy vs. isolation. Focus on forming close relationships versus remaining isolated.
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In Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial task of adolescence?
In Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial task of adolescence?
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Identity vs. role confusion. Teens explore who they are and their place in society.
Identity vs. role confusion. Teens explore who they are and their place in society.
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Which parenting style is low warmth and low control, often linked to poor self-regulation?
Which parenting style is low warmth and low control, often linked to poor self-regulation?
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Neglectful (uninvolved) parenting. Parents emotionally distant and provide minimal guidance.
Neglectful (uninvolved) parenting. Parents emotionally distant and provide minimal guidance.
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Which parenting style is high warmth and low control, often linked to impulsive behavior?
Which parenting style is high warmth and low control, often linked to impulsive behavior?
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Permissive parenting. "Friend" parents who avoid setting limits or enforcing rules.
Permissive parenting. "Friend" parents who avoid setting limits or enforcing rules.
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In Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial task of middle adulthood?
In Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial task of middle adulthood?
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Generativity vs. stagnation. Contributing to society and helping next generation versus self-absorption.
Generativity vs. stagnation. Contributing to society and helping next generation versus self-absorption.
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In Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial task of late adulthood?
In Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial task of late adulthood?
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Integrity vs. despair. Reflecting on life with satisfaction versus regret and bitterness.
Integrity vs. despair. Reflecting on life with satisfaction versus regret and bitterness.
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Which Piaget stage features object permanence and goal-directed behavior in infants?
Which Piaget stage features object permanence and goal-directed behavior in infants?
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Sensorimotor stage. First stage (0-2 years) where infants learn through senses and motor actions.
Sensorimotor stage. First stage (0-2 years) where infants learn through senses and motor actions.
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What is object permanence in Piagetian theory?
What is object permanence in Piagetian theory?
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Understanding that objects exist when not perceived. Key milestone around 8 months when infants realize hidden objects still exist.
Understanding that objects exist when not perceived. Key milestone around 8 months when infants realize hidden objects still exist.
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What is the key limitation of preoperational thought regarding viewpoints?
What is the key limitation of preoperational thought regarding viewpoints?
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Egocentrism. Inability to see situations from others' perspectives, typical ages 2-7.
Egocentrism. Inability to see situations from others' perspectives, typical ages 2-7.
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Which Piaget stage is marked by conservation and reversibility of operations?
Which Piaget stage is marked by conservation and reversibility of operations?
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Concrete operational stage. Ages 7-11, children can think logically about concrete objects.
Concrete operational stage. Ages 7-11, children can think logically about concrete objects.
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Which Piaget stage involves abstract reasoning and hypothetical-deductive thinking?
Which Piaget stage involves abstract reasoning and hypothetical-deductive thinking?
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Formal operational stage. Begins around age 12, enables systematic and theoretical thinking.
Formal operational stage. Begins around age 12, enables systematic and theoretical thinking.
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What is conservation in Piagetian cognitive development?
What is conservation in Piagetian cognitive development?
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Quantity remains constant despite changes in form. Understanding that water poured into different containers stays same amount.
Quantity remains constant despite changes in form. Understanding that water poured into different containers stays same amount.
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What is assimilation in Piaget's theory of adaptation?
What is assimilation in Piaget's theory of adaptation?
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Interpreting new info using existing schemas. Like calling all four-legged animals "dogs" based on existing dog schema.
Interpreting new info using existing schemas. Like calling all four-legged animals "dogs" based on existing dog schema.
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What is theory of mind in child development?
What is theory of mind in child development?
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Understanding that others have different mental states. Develops around age 4, crucial for social interaction.
Understanding that others have different mental states. Develops around age 4, crucial for social interaction.
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What is the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
What is the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
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Fluid: novel problem-solving; crystallized: learned knowledge. Fluid handles new situations; crystallized uses accumulated knowledge.
Fluid: novel problem-solving; crystallized: learned knowledge. Fluid handles new situations; crystallized uses accumulated knowledge.
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What is the major limitation in Piaget's preoperational stage involving others' viewpoints?
What is the major limitation in Piaget's preoperational stage involving others' viewpoints?
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Egocentrism. Inability to see situations from others' perspectives.
Egocentrism. Inability to see situations from others' perspectives.
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What is conservation in Piaget's theory?
What is conservation in Piaget's theory?
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Quantity stays constant despite shape changes. Key milestone showing logical thinking about physical properties.
Quantity stays constant despite shape changes. Key milestone showing logical thinking about physical properties.
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Which parenting style is high warmth and high control, and is linked to best outcomes?
Which parenting style is high warmth and high control, and is linked to best outcomes?
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Authoritative parenting. Combines responsiveness with reasonable demands and explanations.
Authoritative parenting. Combines responsiveness with reasonable demands and explanations.
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What is a schema in cognitive development?
What is a schema in cognitive development?
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A mental framework for organizing information. Cognitive structures that help process and organize experiences.
A mental framework for organizing information. Cognitive structures that help process and organize experiences.
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What is centration in Piaget's preoperational stage?
What is centration in Piaget's preoperational stage?
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Focusing on one feature while ignoring others. Preoperational children can't consider multiple aspects simultaneously.
Focusing on one feature while ignoring others. Preoperational children can't consider multiple aspects simultaneously.
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What is the core claim of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
What is the core claim of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
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Children progress through qualitatively distinct stages of thinking. Development occurs in discontinuous, qualitatively different stages of thinking.
Children progress through qualitatively distinct stages of thinking. Development occurs in discontinuous, qualitatively different stages of thinking.
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Which Piaget stage is defined by symbolic thought and egocentrism (age range)?
Which Piaget stage is defined by symbolic thought and egocentrism (age range)?
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Preoperational stage, about 2–7 years. Children use symbols but can't yet think logically or see others' views.
Preoperational stage, about 2–7 years. Children use symbols but can't yet think logically or see others' views.
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What is the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory (age range and key focus)?
What is the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory (age range and key focus)?
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Birth–2 years; cognition develops through sensory and motor interaction. First stage where infants learn through senses and motor actions.
Birth–2 years; cognition develops through sensory and motor interaction. First stage where infants learn through senses and motor actions.
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What is object permanence in cognitive development?
What is object permanence in cognitive development?
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Understanding that objects exist even when not perceived. Key milestone showing mental representation develops around 8-12 months.
Understanding that objects exist even when not perceived. Key milestone showing mental representation develops around 8-12 months.
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What is egocentrism in Piaget’s preoperational stage?
What is egocentrism in Piaget’s preoperational stage?
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Difficulty taking another person’s perspective. Children assume others see/think/feel exactly as they do.
Difficulty taking another person’s perspective. Children assume others see/think/feel exactly as they do.
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What is equilibration in Piaget’s theory?
What is equilibration in Piaget’s theory?
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Balancing assimilation and accommodation to reduce cognitive disequilibrium. Drive to maintain cognitive balance between new and existing knowledge.
Balancing assimilation and accommodation to reduce cognitive disequilibrium. Drive to maintain cognitive balance between new and existing knowledge.
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