All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which term describes a child's level of performance when aided by a more skilled partner?
Answer: Zone of proximal development (ZPD). Gap between independent ability and potential with guidance (Vygotsky).
Flashcard 2: What is scaffolding in Vygotsky's theory?
Answer: Temporary support adjusted as competence increases. Like training wheels - gradually removed as child masters the skill.
Flashcard 3: What is accommodation in Piaget's theory of adaptation?
Answer: Modifying schemas to incorporate new information. Creating new schemas or changing old ones when faced with new experiences.
Flashcard 4: Which parenting style is low warmth and high control, often linked to anxious or withdrawn children?
Answer: Authoritarian parenting. Strict rules without warmth; "because I said so" approach.
Flashcard 5: In Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial task of young adulthood?
Answer: Intimacy vs. isolation. Focus on forming close relationships versus remaining isolated.
Flashcard 6: In Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial task of adolescence?
Answer: Identity vs. role confusion. Teens explore who they are and their place in society.
Flashcard 7: Which parenting style is low warmth and low control, often linked to poor self-regulation?
Answer: Neglectful (uninvolved) parenting. Parents emotionally distant and provide minimal guidance.
Flashcard 8: Which parenting style is high warmth and low control, often linked to impulsive behavior?
Answer: Permissive parenting. "Friend" parents who avoid setting limits or enforcing rules.
Flashcard 9: In Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial task of middle adulthood?
Answer: Generativity vs. stagnation. Contributing to society and helping next generation versus self-absorption.
Flashcard 10: In Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial task of late adulthood?
Answer: Integrity vs. despair. Reflecting on life with satisfaction versus regret and bitterness.
Flashcard 11: Which Piaget stage features object permanence and goal-directed behavior in infants?
Answer: Sensorimotor stage. First stage (0-2 years) where infants learn through senses and motor actions.
Flashcard 12: What is object permanence in Piagetian theory?
Answer: Understanding that objects exist when not perceived. Key milestone around 8 months when infants realize hidden objects still exist.
Flashcard 13: What is the key limitation of preoperational thought regarding viewpoints?
Answer: Egocentrism. Inability to see situations from others' perspectives, typical ages 2-7.
Flashcard 14: Which Piaget stage is marked by conservation and reversibility of operations?
Answer: Concrete operational stage. Ages 7-11, children can think logically about concrete objects.
Flashcard 15: Which Piaget stage involves abstract reasoning and hypothetical-deductive thinking?
Answer: Formal operational stage. Begins around age 12, enables systematic and theoretical thinking.
Flashcard 16: What is conservation in Piagetian cognitive development?
Answer: Quantity remains constant despite changes in form. Understanding that water poured into different containers stays same amount.
Flashcard 17: What is assimilation in Piaget's theory of adaptation?
Answer: Interpreting new info using existing schemas. Like calling all four-legged animals "dogs" based on existing dog schema.
Flashcard 18: What is theory of mind in child development?
Answer: Understanding that others have different mental states. Develops around age 4, crucial for social interaction.
Flashcard 19: What is the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
Answer: Fluid: novel problem-solving; crystallized: learned knowledge. Fluid handles new situations; crystallized uses accumulated knowledge.
Flashcard 20: What is the major limitation in Piaget's preoperational stage involving others' viewpoints?
Answer: Egocentrism. Inability to see situations from others' perspectives.
Flashcard 21: What is conservation in Piaget's theory?
Answer: Quantity stays constant despite shape changes. Key milestone showing logical thinking about physical properties.
Flashcard 22: Which parenting style is high warmth and high control, and is linked to best outcomes?
Answer: Authoritative parenting. Combines responsiveness with reasonable demands and explanations.
Flashcard 23: What is a schema in cognitive development?
Answer: A mental framework for organizing information. Cognitive structures that help process and organize experiences.
Flashcard 24: What is centration in Piaget's preoperational stage?
Answer: Focusing on one feature while ignoring others. Preoperational children can't consider multiple aspects simultaneously.
Flashcard 25: What is the core claim of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
Answer: Children progress through qualitatively distinct stages of thinking. Development occurs in discontinuous, qualitatively different stages of thinking.
Flashcard 26: Which Piaget stage is defined by symbolic thought and egocentrism (age range)?
Answer: Preoperational stage, about 2–7 years. Children use symbols but can't yet think logically or see others' views.
Flashcard 27: What is the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory (age range and key focus)?
Answer: Birth–2 years; cognition develops through sensory and motor interaction. First stage where infants learn through senses and motor actions.
Flashcard 28: What is object permanence in cognitive development?
Answer: Understanding that objects exist even when not perceived. Key milestone showing mental representation develops around 8-12 months.
Flashcard 29: What is egocentrism in Piaget’s preoperational stage?
Answer: Difficulty taking another person’s perspective. Children assume others see/think/feel exactly as they do.
Flashcard 30: What is equilibration in Piaget’s theory?
Answer: Balancing assimilation and accommodation to reduce cognitive disequilibrium. Drive to maintain cognitive balance between new and existing knowledge.