Other Reaction Mechanisms - MCAT Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
Card 1 of 48
The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase plays the most important role in which tissue/organ?
The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase plays the most important role in which tissue/organ?
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Glucose-6-phosphatase is responsible for removing the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate. The result is free glucose, which can be released into the blood. This process takes place at the end of either glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis, both processes that are most prominent in the liver due to its large stores of glycogen.
Glucose-6-phosphatase is responsible for removing the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate. The result is free glucose, which can be released into the blood. This process takes place at the end of either glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis, both processes that are most prominent in the liver due to its large stores of glycogen.
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The transformation of compound B to compound C below is known as what type of reaction?
The transformation of compound B to compound C below is known as what type of reaction?
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The conversion of compound B to compound Cresults in the elimination of water, which, by definition, is a dehydration reaction. The hydroxyl group on compound B is protonated by the sulfuric acid, generating an 
leaving group and allowing the formation of the alkene product in compound C.
Hydroboration is the oxidation of an alkene with a borohydride (usually sodium borohydride) reagent, to produce an alkane. Hydration involves the use of a water reactant, usually producing an alcohol product. Hydrogenation is the oxidation of alkene double bonds with the use of a palladium interface to produce an alkane product. Decarboxylation results in product carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid or carbonic anhydrase reactant.
The conversion of compound B to compound Cresults in the elimination of water, which, by definition, is a dehydration reaction. The hydroxyl group on compound B is protonated by the sulfuric acid, generating an
Hydroboration is the oxidation of an alkene with a borohydride (usually sodium borohydride) reagent, to produce an alkane. Hydration involves the use of a water reactant, usually producing an alcohol product. Hydrogenation is the oxidation of alkene double bonds with the use of a palladium interface to produce an alkane product. Decarboxylation results in product carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid or carbonic anhydrase reactant.
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Which alcohol will react most rapidly via an SN1 mechanism?
Which alcohol will react most rapidly via an SN1 mechanism?
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Tertiary alcohols react most rapidly via SN1 mechanisms because they form stable tertiary carbocations. Primary and secondary alcohols typically react most rapidly via SN2 mechanisms.
Of the available options, 
is the only one that contains a tertiary alcohol.
Tertiary alcohols react most rapidly via SN1 mechanisms because they form stable tertiary carbocations. Primary and secondary alcohols typically react most rapidly via SN2 mechanisms.
Of the available options,
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What type of enzymatic inhibitor binds to an allosteric location on the enzyme with equal affinity for the bound and unbound substrate states?
What type of enzymatic inhibitor binds to an allosteric location on the enzyme with equal affinity for the bound and unbound substrate states?
Tap to reveal answer
Noncompetitive inhibitors are a specific type of mixed inhibitor that binds to both the free enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex with equal affinities, resulting in the same binding affinity (Km value) but a decrease in the maximum rate of reaction (Vmax value).
Noncompetitive inhibitors are a specific type of mixed inhibitor that binds to both the free enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex with equal affinities, resulting in the same binding affinity (Km value) but a decrease in the maximum rate of reaction (Vmax value).
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Which of the following statements is false regarding enzyme function?
Which of the following statements is false regarding enzyme function?
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Enzymes function as a biological catalysts by lowering reactions' activation energies. They are not used up in the reaction mechanism, nor do they affect the thermodynamics of the reaction. They only affect the reaction kinetics.
Enzymes function as a biological catalysts by lowering reactions' activation energies. They are not used up in the reaction mechanism, nor do they affect the thermodynamics of the reaction. They only affect the reaction kinetics.
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The cellular membrane is a very important structure. The lipid bilayer is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. The hydrophilic layer faces the extracellular fluid and the cytosol of the cell. The hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer stays in between the hydrophobic regions like a sandwich. This bilayer separation allows for communication, protection, and homeostasis.
One of the most utilized signaling transduction pathways is the G protein-coupled receptor pathway. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of the cellular membrane allows for the peptide and other hydrophilic hormones to bind to the receptor on the cellular surface but to not enter the cell. This regulation allows for activation despite the hormone’s short half-life. On the other hand, hydrophobic hormones must have longer half-lives to allow for these ligands to cross the lipid bilayer, travel through the cell’s cytosol and eventually reach the nucleus.
Cholesterol allows the lipid bilayer to maintain its fluidity despite the fluctuation in the body’s temperature due to events such as increasing metabolism. Cholesterol binds to the hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer. When the temperature is low, the cholesterol molecules prevent the hydrophobic tails from compacting and solidifying. When the temperature is high, the hydrophobic tails will be excited and will move excessively. This excess movement will bring instability to the bilayer. Cholesterol will prevent excessive movement.
Epinephrine binds to its receptor on the surface of the cell. Molecule A does bind to the same receptor but is found to bind a different part of the receptor molecule than does epinephrine, causing the receptor to undergo a confirmation change and no longer fits with its associated ligand. What type of regulation is this?
The cellular membrane is a very important structure. The lipid bilayer is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. The hydrophilic layer faces the extracellular fluid and the cytosol of the cell. The hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer stays in between the hydrophobic regions like a sandwich. This bilayer separation allows for communication, protection, and homeostasis.
One of the most utilized signaling transduction pathways is the G protein-coupled receptor pathway. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of the cellular membrane allows for the peptide and other hydrophilic hormones to bind to the receptor on the cellular surface but to not enter the cell. This regulation allows for activation despite the hormone’s short half-life. On the other hand, hydrophobic hormones must have longer half-lives to allow for these ligands to cross the lipid bilayer, travel through the cell’s cytosol and eventually reach the nucleus.
Cholesterol allows the lipid bilayer to maintain its fluidity despite the fluctuation in the body’s temperature due to events such as increasing metabolism. Cholesterol binds to the hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer. When the temperature is low, the cholesterol molecules prevent the hydrophobic tails from compacting and solidifying. When the temperature is high, the hydrophobic tails will be excited and will move excessively. This excess movement will bring instability to the bilayer. Cholesterol will prevent excessive movement.
Epinephrine binds to its receptor on the surface of the cell. Molecule A does bind to the same receptor but is found to bind a different part of the receptor molecule than does epinephrine, causing the receptor to undergo a confirmation change and no longer fits with its associated ligand. What type of regulation is this?
Tap to reveal answer
According to the question, molecule A acts on a different site to inhibit epinephrine's receptor. This is an example of a noncompetitive inhibitor.
According to the question, molecule A acts on a different site to inhibit epinephrine's receptor. This is an example of a noncompetitive inhibitor.
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The transformation of compound B to compound C below is known as what type of reaction?
The transformation of compound B to compound C below is known as what type of reaction?
Tap to reveal answer
The conversion of compound B to compound Cresults in the elimination of water, which, by definition, is a dehydration reaction. The hydroxyl group on compound B is protonated by the sulfuric acid, generating an leaving group and allowing the formation of the alkene product in compound C.
Hydroboration is the oxidation of an alkene with a borohydride (usually sodium borohydride) reagent, to produce an alkane. Hydration involves the use of a water reactant, usually producing an alcohol product. Hydrogenation is the oxidation of alkene double bonds with the use of a palladium interface to produce an alkane product. Decarboxylation results in product carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid or carbonic anhydrase reactant.
The conversion of compound B to compound Cresults in the elimination of water, which, by definition, is a dehydration reaction. The hydroxyl group on compound B is protonated by the sulfuric acid, generating an
Hydroboration is the oxidation of an alkene with a borohydride (usually sodium borohydride) reagent, to produce an alkane. Hydration involves the use of a water reactant, usually producing an alcohol product. Hydrogenation is the oxidation of alkene double bonds with the use of a palladium interface to produce an alkane product. Decarboxylation results in product carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid or carbonic anhydrase reactant.
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Which alcohol will react most rapidly via an SN1 mechanism?
Which alcohol will react most rapidly via an SN1 mechanism?
Tap to reveal answer
Tertiary alcohols react most rapidly via SN1 mechanisms because they form stable tertiary carbocations. Primary and secondary alcohols typically react most rapidly via SN2 mechanisms.
Of the available options, is the only one that contains a tertiary alcohol.
Tertiary alcohols react most rapidly via SN1 mechanisms because they form stable tertiary carbocations. Primary and secondary alcohols typically react most rapidly via SN2 mechanisms.
Of the available options,
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What type of enzymatic inhibitor binds to an allosteric location on the enzyme with equal affinity for the bound and unbound substrate states?
What type of enzymatic inhibitor binds to an allosteric location on the enzyme with equal affinity for the bound and unbound substrate states?
Tap to reveal answer
Noncompetitive inhibitors are a specific type of mixed inhibitor that binds to both the free enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex with equal affinities, resulting in the same binding affinity (Km value) but a decrease in the maximum rate of reaction (Vmax value).
Noncompetitive inhibitors are a specific type of mixed inhibitor that binds to both the free enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex with equal affinities, resulting in the same binding affinity (Km value) but a decrease in the maximum rate of reaction (Vmax value).
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase plays the most important role in which tissue/organ?
The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase plays the most important role in which tissue/organ?
Tap to reveal answer
Glucose-6-phosphatase is responsible for removing the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate. The result is free glucose, which can be released into the blood. This process takes place at the end of either glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis, both processes that are most prominent in the liver due to its large stores of glycogen.
Glucose-6-phosphatase is responsible for removing the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate. The result is free glucose, which can be released into the blood. This process takes place at the end of either glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis, both processes that are most prominent in the liver due to its large stores of glycogen.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which of the following statements is false regarding enzyme function?
Which of the following statements is false regarding enzyme function?
Tap to reveal answer
Enzymes function as a biological catalysts by lowering reactions' activation energies. They are not used up in the reaction mechanism, nor do they affect the thermodynamics of the reaction. They only affect the reaction kinetics.
Enzymes function as a biological catalysts by lowering reactions' activation energies. They are not used up in the reaction mechanism, nor do they affect the thermodynamics of the reaction. They only affect the reaction kinetics.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The cellular membrane is a very important structure. The lipid bilayer is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. The hydrophilic layer faces the extracellular fluid and the cytosol of the cell. The hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer stays in between the hydrophobic regions like a sandwich. This bilayer separation allows for communication, protection, and homeostasis.
One of the most utilized signaling transduction pathways is the G protein-coupled receptor pathway. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of the cellular membrane allows for the peptide and other hydrophilic hormones to bind to the receptor on the cellular surface but to not enter the cell. This regulation allows for activation despite the hormone’s short half-life. On the other hand, hydrophobic hormones must have longer half-lives to allow for these ligands to cross the lipid bilayer, travel through the cell’s cytosol and eventually reach the nucleus.
Cholesterol allows the lipid bilayer to maintain its fluidity despite the fluctuation in the body’s temperature due to events such as increasing metabolism. Cholesterol binds to the hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer. When the temperature is low, the cholesterol molecules prevent the hydrophobic tails from compacting and solidifying. When the temperature is high, the hydrophobic tails will be excited and will move excessively. This excess movement will bring instability to the bilayer. Cholesterol will prevent excessive movement.
Epinephrine binds to its receptor on the surface of the cell. Molecule A does bind to the same receptor but is found to bind a different part of the receptor molecule than does epinephrine, causing the receptor to undergo a confirmation change and no longer fits with its associated ligand. What type of regulation is this?
The cellular membrane is a very important structure. The lipid bilayer is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. The hydrophilic layer faces the extracellular fluid and the cytosol of the cell. The hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer stays in between the hydrophobic regions like a sandwich. This bilayer separation allows for communication, protection, and homeostasis.
One of the most utilized signaling transduction pathways is the G protein-coupled receptor pathway. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of the cellular membrane allows for the peptide and other hydrophilic hormones to bind to the receptor on the cellular surface but to not enter the cell. This regulation allows for activation despite the hormone’s short half-life. On the other hand, hydrophobic hormones must have longer half-lives to allow for these ligands to cross the lipid bilayer, travel through the cell’s cytosol and eventually reach the nucleus.
Cholesterol allows the lipid bilayer to maintain its fluidity despite the fluctuation in the body’s temperature due to events such as increasing metabolism. Cholesterol binds to the hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer. When the temperature is low, the cholesterol molecules prevent the hydrophobic tails from compacting and solidifying. When the temperature is high, the hydrophobic tails will be excited and will move excessively. This excess movement will bring instability to the bilayer. Cholesterol will prevent excessive movement.
Epinephrine binds to its receptor on the surface of the cell. Molecule A does bind to the same receptor but is found to bind a different part of the receptor molecule than does epinephrine, causing the receptor to undergo a confirmation change and no longer fits with its associated ligand. What type of regulation is this?
Tap to reveal answer
According to the question, molecule A acts on a different site to inhibit epinephrine's receptor. This is an example of a noncompetitive inhibitor.
According to the question, molecule A acts on a different site to inhibit epinephrine's receptor. This is an example of a noncompetitive inhibitor.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase plays the most important role in which tissue/organ?
The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase plays the most important role in which tissue/organ?
Tap to reveal answer
Glucose-6-phosphatase is responsible for removing the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate. The result is free glucose, which can be released into the blood. This process takes place at the end of either glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis, both processes that are most prominent in the liver due to its large stores of glycogen.
Glucose-6-phosphatase is responsible for removing the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate. The result is free glucose, which can be released into the blood. This process takes place at the end of either glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis, both processes that are most prominent in the liver due to its large stores of glycogen.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The transformation of compound B to compound C below is known as what type of reaction?
The transformation of compound B to compound C below is known as what type of reaction?
Tap to reveal answer
The conversion of compound B to compound Cresults in the elimination of water, which, by definition, is a dehydration reaction. The hydroxyl group on compound B is protonated by the sulfuric acid, generating an leaving group and allowing the formation of the alkene product in compound C.
Hydroboration is the oxidation of an alkene with a borohydride (usually sodium borohydride) reagent, to produce an alkane. Hydration involves the use of a water reactant, usually producing an alcohol product. Hydrogenation is the oxidation of alkene double bonds with the use of a palladium interface to produce an alkane product. Decarboxylation results in product carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid or carbonic anhydrase reactant.
The conversion of compound B to compound Cresults in the elimination of water, which, by definition, is a dehydration reaction. The hydroxyl group on compound B is protonated by the sulfuric acid, generating an
Hydroboration is the oxidation of an alkene with a borohydride (usually sodium borohydride) reagent, to produce an alkane. Hydration involves the use of a water reactant, usually producing an alcohol product. Hydrogenation is the oxidation of alkene double bonds with the use of a palladium interface to produce an alkane product. Decarboxylation results in product carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid or carbonic anhydrase reactant.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which alcohol will react most rapidly via an SN1 mechanism?
Which alcohol will react most rapidly via an SN1 mechanism?
Tap to reveal answer
Tertiary alcohols react most rapidly via SN1 mechanisms because they form stable tertiary carbocations. Primary and secondary alcohols typically react most rapidly via SN2 mechanisms.
Of the available options, is the only one that contains a tertiary alcohol.
Tertiary alcohols react most rapidly via SN1 mechanisms because they form stable tertiary carbocations. Primary and secondary alcohols typically react most rapidly via SN2 mechanisms.
Of the available options,
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What type of enzymatic inhibitor binds to an allosteric location on the enzyme with equal affinity for the bound and unbound substrate states?
What type of enzymatic inhibitor binds to an allosteric location on the enzyme with equal affinity for the bound and unbound substrate states?
Tap to reveal answer
Noncompetitive inhibitors are a specific type of mixed inhibitor that binds to both the free enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex with equal affinities, resulting in the same binding affinity (Km value) but a decrease in the maximum rate of reaction (Vmax value).
Noncompetitive inhibitors are a specific type of mixed inhibitor that binds to both the free enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex with equal affinities, resulting in the same binding affinity (Km value) but a decrease in the maximum rate of reaction (Vmax value).
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which of the following statements is false regarding enzyme function?
Which of the following statements is false regarding enzyme function?
Tap to reveal answer
Enzymes function as a biological catalysts by lowering reactions' activation energies. They are not used up in the reaction mechanism, nor do they affect the thermodynamics of the reaction. They only affect the reaction kinetics.
Enzymes function as a biological catalysts by lowering reactions' activation energies. They are not used up in the reaction mechanism, nor do they affect the thermodynamics of the reaction. They only affect the reaction kinetics.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The cellular membrane is a very important structure. The lipid bilayer is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. The hydrophilic layer faces the extracellular fluid and the cytosol of the cell. The hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer stays in between the hydrophobic regions like a sandwich. This bilayer separation allows for communication, protection, and homeostasis.
One of the most utilized signaling transduction pathways is the G protein-coupled receptor pathway. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of the cellular membrane allows for the peptide and other hydrophilic hormones to bind to the receptor on the cellular surface but to not enter the cell. This regulation allows for activation despite the hormone’s short half-life. On the other hand, hydrophobic hormones must have longer half-lives to allow for these ligands to cross the lipid bilayer, travel through the cell’s cytosol and eventually reach the nucleus.
Cholesterol allows the lipid bilayer to maintain its fluidity despite the fluctuation in the body’s temperature due to events such as increasing metabolism. Cholesterol binds to the hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer. When the temperature is low, the cholesterol molecules prevent the hydrophobic tails from compacting and solidifying. When the temperature is high, the hydrophobic tails will be excited and will move excessively. This excess movement will bring instability to the bilayer. Cholesterol will prevent excessive movement.
Epinephrine binds to its receptor on the surface of the cell. Molecule A does bind to the same receptor but is found to bind a different part of the receptor molecule than does epinephrine, causing the receptor to undergo a confirmation change and no longer fits with its associated ligand. What type of regulation is this?
The cellular membrane is a very important structure. The lipid bilayer is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. The hydrophilic layer faces the extracellular fluid and the cytosol of the cell. The hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer stays in between the hydrophobic regions like a sandwich. This bilayer separation allows for communication, protection, and homeostasis.
One of the most utilized signaling transduction pathways is the G protein-coupled receptor pathway. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of the cellular membrane allows for the peptide and other hydrophilic hormones to bind to the receptor on the cellular surface but to not enter the cell. This regulation allows for activation despite the hormone’s short half-life. On the other hand, hydrophobic hormones must have longer half-lives to allow for these ligands to cross the lipid bilayer, travel through the cell’s cytosol and eventually reach the nucleus.
Cholesterol allows the lipid bilayer to maintain its fluidity despite the fluctuation in the body’s temperature due to events such as increasing metabolism. Cholesterol binds to the hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer. When the temperature is low, the cholesterol molecules prevent the hydrophobic tails from compacting and solidifying. When the temperature is high, the hydrophobic tails will be excited and will move excessively. This excess movement will bring instability to the bilayer. Cholesterol will prevent excessive movement.
Epinephrine binds to its receptor on the surface of the cell. Molecule A does bind to the same receptor but is found to bind a different part of the receptor molecule than does epinephrine, causing the receptor to undergo a confirmation change and no longer fits with its associated ligand. What type of regulation is this?
Tap to reveal answer
According to the question, molecule A acts on a different site to inhibit epinephrine's receptor. This is an example of a noncompetitive inhibitor.
According to the question, molecule A acts on a different site to inhibit epinephrine's receptor. This is an example of a noncompetitive inhibitor.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase plays the most important role in which tissue/organ?
The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase plays the most important role in which tissue/organ?
Tap to reveal answer
Glucose-6-phosphatase is responsible for removing the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate. The result is free glucose, which can be released into the blood. This process takes place at the end of either glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis, both processes that are most prominent in the liver due to its large stores of glycogen.
Glucose-6-phosphatase is responsible for removing the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate. The result is free glucose, which can be released into the blood. This process takes place at the end of either glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis, both processes that are most prominent in the liver due to its large stores of glycogen.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
The transformation of compound B to compound C below is known as what type of reaction?
The transformation of compound B to compound C below is known as what type of reaction?
Tap to reveal answer
The conversion of compound B to compound Cresults in the elimination of water, which, by definition, is a dehydration reaction. The hydroxyl group on compound B is protonated by the sulfuric acid, generating an leaving group and allowing the formation of the alkene product in compound C.
Hydroboration is the oxidation of an alkene with a borohydride (usually sodium borohydride) reagent, to produce an alkane. Hydration involves the use of a water reactant, usually producing an alcohol product. Hydrogenation is the oxidation of alkene double bonds with the use of a palladium interface to produce an alkane product. Decarboxylation results in product carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid or carbonic anhydrase reactant.
The conversion of compound B to compound Cresults in the elimination of water, which, by definition, is a dehydration reaction. The hydroxyl group on compound B is protonated by the sulfuric acid, generating an
Hydroboration is the oxidation of an alkene with a borohydride (usually sodium borohydride) reagent, to produce an alkane. Hydration involves the use of a water reactant, usually producing an alcohol product. Hydrogenation is the oxidation of alkene double bonds with the use of a palladium interface to produce an alkane product. Decarboxylation results in product carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid or carbonic anhydrase reactant.
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