Hormone Mechanisms and Effects - MCAT Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
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Which hormone is most responsible for decreased levels of blood calcium?
Which hormone is most responsible for decreased levels of blood calcium?
Calcitonin lowers plasma calcium, while parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases it. Insulin and glucagon are responsible for blood glucose, not calcium.
Calcitonin lowers plasma calcium, while parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases it. Insulin and glucagon are responsible for blood glucose, not calcium.
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Which hormone is responsible for increasing episodes of mitosis, increasing cell size, and increasing the rate of protein synthesis?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing episodes of mitosis, increasing cell size, and increasing the rate of protein synthesis?
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and is responsible for increased metabolism and cell growth. Growth hormone increases glucose and free fatty acid levels in the blood, increasing substrates for metabolism for other cells in the body.
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and is responsible for increased metabolism and cell growth. Growth hormone increases glucose and free fatty acid levels in the blood, increasing substrates for metabolism for other cells in the body.
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What is the most likely hormonal response immediately following a significant blood loss?
What is the most likely hormonal response immediately following a significant blood loss?
Significant amount of blood loss results in a sudden and large drop in blood pressure due to the decreased fluid volume in the body. To compensate for this change, the body will attempt to increase fluid retention. This is directly accomplished by increasing the level of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) that allows reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Therefore, increased ADH level is the best response.
Significant amount of blood loss results in a sudden and large drop in blood pressure due to the decreased fluid volume in the body. To compensate for this change, the body will attempt to increase fluid retention. This is directly accomplished by increasing the level of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) that allows reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Therefore, increased ADH level is the best response.
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Which hormone is most responsible for decreased levels of blood calcium?
Which hormone is most responsible for decreased levels of blood calcium?
Calcitonin lowers plasma calcium, while parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases it. Insulin and glucagon are responsible for blood glucose, not calcium.
Calcitonin lowers plasma calcium, while parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases it. Insulin and glucagon are responsible for blood glucose, not calcium.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Which hormone is responsible for increasing episodes of mitosis, increasing cell size, and increasing the rate of protein synthesis?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing episodes of mitosis, increasing cell size, and increasing the rate of protein synthesis?
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and is responsible for increased metabolism and cell growth. Growth hormone increases glucose and free fatty acid levels in the blood, increasing substrates for metabolism for other cells in the body.
Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and is responsible for increased metabolism and cell growth. Growth hormone increases glucose and free fatty acid levels in the blood, increasing substrates for metabolism for other cells in the body.
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What is the most likely hormonal response immediately following a significant blood loss?
What is the most likely hormonal response immediately following a significant blood loss?
Significant amount of blood loss results in a sudden and large drop in blood pressure due to the decreased fluid volume in the body. To compensate for this change, the body will attempt to increase fluid retention. This is directly accomplished by increasing the level of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) that allows reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Therefore, increased ADH level is the best response.
Significant amount of blood loss results in a sudden and large drop in blood pressure due to the decreased fluid volume in the body. To compensate for this change, the body will attempt to increase fluid retention. This is directly accomplished by increasing the level of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) that allows reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Therefore, increased ADH level is the best response.
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What happens to the levels of FSH and LH in a human female, once her ovaries have begun to atrophy during menopause?
What happens to the levels of FSH and LH in a human female, once her ovaries have begun to atrophy during menopause?
This question requires knowledge of the negative feedback loop between the anterior pituitary hormones (FSH and LH) and the sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone). Prior to menopause, FSH and LH production is inhibited by estrogen production in the ovaries. When ovarian estrogen production decreases, during menopause, FSH and LH levels increase uninhibited.
This question requires knowledge of the negative feedback loop between the anterior pituitary hormones (FSH and LH) and the sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone). Prior to menopause, FSH and LH production is inhibited by estrogen production in the ovaries. When ovarian estrogen production decreases, during menopause, FSH and LH levels increase uninhibited.
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What two hormones have opposite effects?
What two hormones have opposite effects?
Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels.
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A patient goes to his doctor for a normal check-up, and the doctor sees that he ihas very high levels of Na+ and Cl- in his blood. He runs some tests, and determines that:
A patient goes to his doctor for a normal check-up, and the doctor sees that he ihas very high levels of Na+ and Cl- in his blood. He runs some tests, and determines that:
Aldosterone functions to make the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule in the kidneys to make them more permeable to Na+, Cl–, K+, and H+. When Na+ and Cl– are reabsorbed, water follows them into the blood, thus increasing total blood volume and raising blood pressure.
Aldosterone functions to make the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule in the kidneys to make them more permeable to Na+, Cl–, K+, and H+. When Na+ and Cl– are reabsorbed, water follows them into the blood, thus increasing total blood volume and raising blood pressure.
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All of the following hormones exhibit periods of spiked concentration in the mestrual cycle EXCEPT
.
All of the following hormones exhibit periods of spiked concentration in the mestrual cycle EXCEPT .
FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone all increase around ovulation to make an environment in the uterus that will be healthy if fertilization occurs. Prolactin promotes milk production at the end of pregnancy and while a mother is breast feeding a child.
FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone all increase around ovulation to make an environment in the uterus that will be healthy if fertilization occurs. Prolactin promotes milk production at the end of pregnancy and while a mother is breast feeding a child.
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All of the following are expected to increase after a meal has been consumed except
.
All of the following are expected to increase after a meal has been consumed except .
When an a meal is consumed, the digestive system is stimulated. This causes the release of secretin and cholecystokinin, hormones that are involved in digestion. Once glucose is in the bloodstream, it interacts with beta cells and causes the release of insulin. Insulin enters the bloodstream and stimulates widespread expression of the GLUT-4 receptor. Glucagon, on the other hand, counters the effects of insulin in a negative feedback loop and would not be expected to increase after a meal is consumed.
When an a meal is consumed, the digestive system is stimulated. This causes the release of secretin and cholecystokinin, hormones that are involved in digestion. Once glucose is in the bloodstream, it interacts with beta cells and causes the release of insulin. Insulin enters the bloodstream and stimulates widespread expression of the GLUT-4 receptor. Glucagon, on the other hand, counters the effects of insulin in a negative feedback loop and would not be expected to increase after a meal is consumed.
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from the posterior pituitary in response to increased plasma osmolarity. It acts on the kidney nephrons to increase water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. This allows for greater water reabsorption from the filtrate, and results in higher body fluid volume.
Which of the following would NOT be reasonably associated with increased levels of ADH?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from the posterior pituitary in response to increased plasma osmolarity. It acts on the kidney nephrons to increase water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. This allows for greater water reabsorption from the filtrate, and results in higher body fluid volume.
Which of the following would NOT be reasonably associated with increased levels of ADH?
Release of ADH would not be associated with release of atrial naturitic hormone. ADH increases blood pressure, while atrial naturitic hormone decreases blood pressure.
Release of ADH would not be associated with release of atrial naturitic hormone. ADH increases blood pressure, while atrial naturitic hormone decreases blood pressure.
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Gigantism is a rare condition that is the result of hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary during childhood. Symptoms of gigantism include abnormal height (several standard deviations above average) and abnormal growth of the face, hands, and feet.
Functions of growth hormone are best decribed by which of the following?
Gigantism is a rare condition that is the result of hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary during childhood. Symptoms of gigantism include abnormal height (several standard deviations above average) and abnormal growth of the face, hands, and feet.
Functions of growth hormone are best decribed by which of the following?
Growth hormone (GH) causes increased calcium retention and stimulation of the immune system. It reduces liver uptake of glucose and increases lipolysis. Growth hormone also causes increased protein synthesis, muscle mass, bone mineralization, and _gluco_neogenesis.
Growth hormone (GH) causes increased calcium retention and stimulation of the immune system. It reduces liver uptake of glucose and increases lipolysis. Growth hormone also causes increased protein synthesis, muscle mass, bone mineralization, and _gluco_neogenesis.
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An increase in aldosterone will
.
An increase in aldosterone will .
An increase in aldosterone will cause an increase in sodium reabsoption, an increase in blood osmolarity, an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, an increase in water reabsoption, and an increase in blood volume.
An increase in aldosterone will cause an increase in sodium reabsoption, an increase in blood osmolarity, an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, an increase in water reabsoption, and an increase in blood volume.
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A lack of which of the following hormones could cause high plasma calcium levels?
A lack of which of the following hormones could cause high plasma calcium levels?
If the lack of a certain hormone can cause high calcium levels, that means the hormone acts to lower plasma calcium when it is present. Only one of the choices, calcitonin, decreases blood calcium. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol increase plasma calcium levels. Aldosterone and glucagon are unrelated to calcium regulation—aldosterone regulates kidney activity to increase blood pressure and glucagon increases blood sugar levels.
If the lack of a certain hormone can cause high calcium levels, that means the hormone acts to lower plasma calcium when it is present. Only one of the choices, calcitonin, decreases blood calcium. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol increase plasma calcium levels. Aldosterone and glucagon are unrelated to calcium regulation—aldosterone regulates kidney activity to increase blood pressure and glucagon increases blood sugar levels.
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What is the significance of the LH surge in the menstrual cycle?
What is the significance of the LH surge in the menstrual cycle?
The LH surge, a spike in levels of luteinizing hormone, immediately precedes the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which begins with ovulation and ends with degeneration of the corpus luteum.
Estradiol, an estrogen, is secreted by theca cells and promotes growth of the endometrium to prepare for implantation.
Follicle-stimulating hormone is important for follicle maturation.
Degeneration of the corpus luteum into corpus albicans occurs in the absence of implantation. This degeneration process typically occurs 14 days after ovulation.
Human chorionic gonadotropin is only released during pregnancy and is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum.
The LH surge, a spike in levels of luteinizing hormone, immediately precedes the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which begins with ovulation and ends with degeneration of the corpus luteum.
Estradiol, an estrogen, is secreted by theca cells and promotes growth of the endometrium to prepare for implantation.
Follicle-stimulating hormone is important for follicle maturation.
Degeneration of the corpus luteum into corpus albicans occurs in the absence of implantation. This degeneration process typically occurs 14 days after ovulation.
Human chorionic gonadotropin is only released during pregnancy and is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum.
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John goes to the doctor and is told that his anterior pituitary is not functioning. Which of the following hormones is likely at lower levels than normal?
John goes to the doctor and is told that his anterior pituitary is not functioning. Which of the following hormones is likely at lower levels than normal?
Of all the choices, the only one released by the anterior pituitary is TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). Glucagon is released from the pancreas, parathyroid hormone is released from the parathyroid glands, melatonin comes from the pineal gland, and atrial natriuretic hormone is a heart hormone.
Of all the choices, the only one released by the anterior pituitary is TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). Glucagon is released from the pancreas, parathyroid hormone is released from the parathyroid glands, melatonin comes from the pineal gland, and atrial natriuretic hormone is a heart hormone.
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Recall that parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that serves to increase serum calcium.
Which of the following is not a mechanism by which PTH increases serum calcium?
Recall that parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that serves to increase serum calcium.
Which of the following is not a mechanism by which PTH increases serum calcium?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) does not enhance absorption of vitamin D through the skin.
It does, however, act independently on the bones, kidneys, and gut, to increase blood calcium. Interestingly, cancer cells in various types of cancers (breast and lung) can secrete parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), which acts similarly to PTH and can cause hypercalcemia (high serum calcium) in cancer patients.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) does not enhance absorption of vitamin D through the skin.
It does, however, act independently on the bones, kidneys, and gut, to increase blood calcium. Interestingly, cancer cells in various types of cancers (breast and lung) can secrete parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), which acts similarly to PTH and can cause hypercalcemia (high serum calcium) in cancer patients.
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Which anterior pituitary hormone is most responsible for facilitating sperm development in the testes?
Which anterior pituitary hormone is most responsible for facilitating sperm development in the testes?
The following answer choices are all examples of anterior pituitary hormones, however, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is the hormone that acts on Sertoli cells in the testes to nourish sperm and facilitate spermatogenesis.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) acts on the testes, but works on Leydig cells in producing testosterone. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do not act on the testes.
The following answer choices are all examples of anterior pituitary hormones, however, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is the hormone that acts on Sertoli cells in the testes to nourish sperm and facilitate spermatogenesis.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) acts on the testes, but works on Leydig cells in producing testosterone. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do not act on the testes.
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After ingesting a meal heavy in polysaccharides, an individual has their blood drawn. Levels of which hormone would you expect to be higher than normal?
After ingesting a meal heavy in polysaccharides, an individual has their blood drawn. Levels of which hormone would you expect to be higher than normal?
The polysaccharides from the meal will be digested down into glucose by various enzymes in the digestive track. That glucose will be absorbed in the small intestine and travel into the bloodstream. This increase in blood glucose will cause a release of insulin to allow for tissue to take up the glucose and use it for energy. In this individual's blood, we would expect insulin to be higher than normal.
Conversely, when little blood glucose is present, glucagon is released to break down glycogen and fat into glucose that is needed for energy. Gastrin, while also involved in digestion, is closely linked to the release of hydrochloric acid, which activates pepsin to digest proteins. Gastrin is not linked to the digestion of carbohydrates and polysaccharides.
Oxytocin is not involved in digestion.
The polysaccharides from the meal will be digested down into glucose by various enzymes in the digestive track. That glucose will be absorbed in the small intestine and travel into the bloodstream. This increase in blood glucose will cause a release of insulin to allow for tissue to take up the glucose and use it for energy. In this individual's blood, we would expect insulin to be higher than normal.
Conversely, when little blood glucose is present, glucagon is released to break down glycogen and fat into glucose that is needed for energy. Gastrin, while also involved in digestion, is closely linked to the release of hydrochloric acid, which activates pepsin to digest proteins. Gastrin is not linked to the digestion of carbohydrates and polysaccharides.
Oxytocin is not involved in digestion.
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