RNA is transcribed 5' to 3' ALWAYS, meaning that the template DNA strand is read from the 3' to 5' direction.

Karyokinesis is the division of the cell's nucleus during mitosis. A similar (but different meaning) word is cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the division of the cell cytoplasm, which occurs at the end of mitosis. The other answer choices do not reflect the meaning of karyokinesis.

The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is a ribosomal binding site in prokaryotic mRNA located upstream of the start codon. The role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence is to help recruit the ribosome to the mRNA to initiate protein synthesis. The only answer that matches the proper location of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence is "On mRNA upstream of the start codon."

Transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell and is the process of using DNA to build RNA. Translation occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm and is the process of using RNA to build protein. No part of transcription or translation occurs in the mitochondria. Therefore "cytoplasm . . . translation" is the correct answer.

Both DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III play a role in the replication of DNA, but not in its transcription. Helicase acts to unwind the DNA strand. Primase synthesizes the RNA fragments necessary for DNA replication. RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the promoter region and builds mRNA along the template, therefore "RNA polymerase" is the correct answer.

DNA from the chromosomes first undergoes transcription to generate RNA. This RNA then undergoes translation, which is the process by which the genetic code is used to make necessary proteins.

While many of the answer choices deal with the process of transcription, only one corresponds to the initiation stage. The joining of ribonucleotides, the reformation of the double helix, and elongation until the termination sequence occur during the elongation and termination stages of transcription. During the initiation stage of transcription, the RNA polymerase enzyme binds to DNA at the promoter sequence and then begins to unwind the DNA. The only answer choice that fits this definition is "RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the promoter sequence."

Prokaryotic ribosomes consist of two unequally sized subunits, large and small, which form a complete ribosome unit.

The DNA template strand will be complementary to the DNA coding strand sequence. If the base on the left is the coding DNA, the corresponding template DNA strand code is:

TGACAATG

While all of the answer choices are amino acids, only one corresponds to the "start" codon. All start codons correspond to the amino acid methionine, the most common being "AUG." Due to corresponding with the start codon, methionine will be the first amino acid laid down in every protein made in a eukaryotic cell.