Cells and Life - GED Science
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Where does ATP synthesis occur within the cell?
Where does ATP synthesis occur within the cell?
The mitochondria are organelles that are often referred to as the "power plant" of the cell. Mitochondria are responsible for extracting energy from food molecules and binding it in the high energy bonds of the ATP molecule.
The mitochondria are organelles that are often referred to as the "power plant" of the cell. Mitochondria are responsible for extracting energy from food molecules and binding it in the high energy bonds of the ATP molecule.
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Which RNA-based organelle is the site of protein synthesis within the cell?
Which RNA-based organelle is the site of protein synthesis within the cell?
Ribosomes are composed of a unique type of RNA, rRNA, and are located within the cytoplasm of the cell and on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Here, proteins are assembled from amino acids piece by piece using instructions copied from DNA.
Ribosomes are composed of a unique type of RNA, rRNA, and are located within the cytoplasm of the cell and on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Here, proteins are assembled from amino acids piece by piece using instructions copied from DNA.
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus within the cell?
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus within the cell?
The Golgi apparatus can be thought of as the "shipping center" of the cell. Here, proteins and other materials are packaged in vesicles which are transported to other sites in the cell or outside the cell membrane for "export".
The Golgi apparatus can be thought of as the "shipping center" of the cell. Here, proteins and other materials are packaged in vesicles which are transported to other sites in the cell or outside the cell membrane for "export".
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Which of the following organelles is not found in animal cells?
Which of the following organelles is not found in animal cells?
The chloroplast is unique to plant cells (and some bacteria and protists), and is the site of photosynthesis. Almost all energy used by life is captured by this organelle. All other answers listed can be found in both plant and animal cells.
The chloroplast is unique to plant cells (and some bacteria and protists), and is the site of photosynthesis. Almost all energy used by life is captured by this organelle. All other answers listed can be found in both plant and animal cells.
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There are tiny structures found inside of every Eukaryotic cell called organelles. Each organelles carries out specific functions.
Which organelle is responsible for converting the chemical energy found in food into ATP (molecules that cells use for energy)?
There are tiny structures found inside of every Eukaryotic cell called organelles. Each organelles carries out specific functions.
Which organelle is responsible for converting the chemical energy found in food into ATP (molecules that cells use for energy)?
The mitochondria is the "powerhouse" of the cell and converts chemical energy (sugars) into ATP during cellular respiration.
The mitochondria is the "powerhouse" of the cell and converts chemical energy (sugars) into ATP during cellular respiration.
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Which step in cellular respiration results in the most ATP being produced?
Which step in cellular respiration results in the most ATP being produced?
Cellular respiration is composed of many steps used to break down glucose and convert the chemical energy into ATP. Of the four steps described in the answer choices, oxidative phosphorylation via the electron transport chain is the most effective step for producing ATP. The electron transport chain can produce between 32 and 38 ATP from a single glucose molecule.
Cellular respiration is composed of many steps used to break down glucose and convert the chemical energy into ATP. Of the four steps described in the answer choices, oxidative phosphorylation via the electron transport chain is the most effective step for producing ATP. The electron transport chain can produce between 32 and 38 ATP from a single glucose molecule.
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Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
Glycolysis is the first step of glucose breakdown in cells. This process takes place in the cytosol.
The second step of cellular respiration, the citric acid cycle, takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. The third step, the electron transport chain, takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane and requires protons to be concentrated within the intermembrane space.
Glycolysis is the first step of glucose breakdown in cells. This process takes place in the cytosol.
The second step of cellular respiration, the citric acid cycle, takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. The third step, the electron transport chain, takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane and requires protons to be concentrated within the intermembrane space.
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The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. The structure and chemistry of phospholipids helps to maintain the integrity of the membrane.
The "water-loving" heads of phospholipids are said to be __________, while their "water-fearing" tails are __________.
The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. The structure and chemistry of phospholipids helps to maintain the integrity of the membrane.
The "water-loving" heads of phospholipids are said to be __________, while their "water-fearing" tails are __________.
The "water-loving" hydrophilic heads of phospholipids orient themselves outwards towards the watery cytoplasm inside the cell and interstitial fluid outside the cell. Meanwhile, the "water-fearing" hydrophobic tails of phospholipids orient themselves inwards toward one another.
The "water-loving" hydrophilic heads of phospholipids orient themselves outwards towards the watery cytoplasm inside the cell and interstitial fluid outside the cell. Meanwhile, the "water-fearing" hydrophobic tails of phospholipids orient themselves inwards toward one another.
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What is the substance surrounding living tissue cells referred to?
What is the substance surrounding living tissue cells referred to?
Interstitial fluid is the substance surrounding living tissue cells, its solute concentration is critical to the maintenance of homeostasis for the cells. Cells may have to spend valuable energy to keep unwanted materials from passing through their semi-permeable membranes in some conditions.
Interstitial fluid is the substance surrounding living tissue cells, its solute concentration is critical to the maintenance of homeostasis for the cells. Cells may have to spend valuable energy to keep unwanted materials from passing through their semi-permeable membranes in some conditions.
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Materials can be transported across the cell membrane in a variety of ways.
Which of the following is/are examples of passive transport?
Materials can be transported across the cell membrane in a variety of ways.
Which of the following is/are examples of passive transport?
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are all examples of passive transport because no energy is required to move molecules across the cell membrane. The driving force is the concentration gradient of the substance.
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are all examples of passive transport because no energy is required to move molecules across the cell membrane. The driving force is the concentration gradient of the substance.
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Water will diffuse across a cell membrane in an attempt to equalize concentrations of certain molecules inside and outside of the cell.
Which type of cell membrane transport is it when water moves across the cell membrane?
Water will diffuse across a cell membrane in an attempt to equalize concentrations of certain molecules inside and outside of the cell.
Which type of cell membrane transport is it when water moves across the cell membrane?
Water can pass through the cell membrane without using energy. We call this passive transport. Diffusion is a type of passive transport and osmosis is specifically the diffusion of water molecules. So all of the answers are correct.
Water can pass through the cell membrane without using energy. We call this passive transport. Diffusion is a type of passive transport and osmosis is specifically the diffusion of water molecules. So all of the answers are correct.
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Cell membranes are selectively permeable—they regulate the flow of materials into and out of the cell via transport.
What is true about active transport?
Cell membranes are selectively permeable—they regulate the flow of materials into and out of the cell via transport.
What is true about active transport?
Active transport always requires energy since molecules are being pumped against their concentration gradients by being transported from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. Osmosis and diffusion are examples of passive transport and do not require energy.
Active transport always requires energy since molecules are being pumped against their concentration gradients by being transported from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. Osmosis and diffusion are examples of passive transport and do not require energy.
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If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will move __________.
If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will move __________.
In a hypertonic solution, the cell has a greater concentration of water molecules inside it than the solution does. Because of this, the water will move out of the cell in an effort to balance the concentration of water molecules both inside and outside of the cell.
In a hypertonic solution, the cell has a greater concentration of water molecules inside it than the solution does. Because of this, the water will move out of the cell in an effort to balance the concentration of water molecules both inside and outside of the cell.
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What statement about glycolysis is correct?
What statement about glycolysis is correct?
Glycolysis is the first step in cell metabolism. It is responsible for converting glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) into two molecules of pyruvate (a 3-carbon sugar). Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, where the sugar molecules interact directly with enzymes. After pyruvate is created, it is transported to the mitochondria for the remainder of cellular respiration (the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain).
Though plants undergo photosynthesis, they also use cellular respiration. Glycolysis takes place in both animal and plant cells.
Glycolysis is the first step in cell metabolism. It is responsible for converting glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) into two molecules of pyruvate (a 3-carbon sugar). Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, where the sugar molecules interact directly with enzymes. After pyruvate is created, it is transported to the mitochondria for the remainder of cellular respiration (the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain).
Though plants undergo photosynthesis, they also use cellular respiration. Glycolysis takes place in both animal and plant cells.
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Photosynthesis is a process that plants use to create energy.
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is a process that plants use to create energy.
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert water 
and carbon dioxide 
into glucose 
and oxygen 
.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert water
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Many chemical reactions are carried out by various cell organelles.
Which of the following cell organelles carries out the reaction described by the equation 
?
Many chemical reactions are carried out by various cell organelles.
Which of the following cell organelles carries out the reaction described by the equation
The equation 
is the equation for cellular respiration. Cellular respiration happens inside the mitochondria and chloroplast for those cells containing chloroplasts.
The equation
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Which of the following factors does not affect the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane?
Which of the following factors does not affect the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane?
The plasma membrane of the cell acts as a semi-permeable barrier, regulating what can enter and exit the cell. Only small, nonpolar molecules are able to cross the membrane via diffusion, without the assistance of protein channels. Larger molecules will be blocked, as will molecules that are charged or polar.
This principle is true for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and is not affected by the presence of a cell wall. Virtually all organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen; the presence of these atoms will not affect the molecule's ability to cross the membrane.
The plasma membrane of the cell acts as a semi-permeable barrier, regulating what can enter and exit the cell. Only small, nonpolar molecules are able to cross the membrane via diffusion, without the assistance of protein channels. Larger molecules will be blocked, as will molecules that are charged or polar.
This principle is true for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and is not affected by the presence of a cell wall. Virtually all organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen; the presence of these atoms will not affect the molecule's ability to cross the membrane.
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If a cell is placed into a hypertonic (concentrated) solution, in which direction will water flow?
If a cell is placed into a hypertonic (concentrated) solution, in which direction will water flow?
A hypertonic solution will have a higher solute concentration than the cell. To reach equilibrium, water must flow so that the concentration fo the solution is equal to the concentration of the cell. In order for this to happen, water must enter the solution, diluting it and reducing the concentration. Water will flow out of the cell and into the solution.
Note that the membrane of the cell will prevent ions from crossing.
A hypertonic solution will have a higher solute concentration than the cell. To reach equilibrium, water must flow so that the concentration fo the solution is equal to the concentration of the cell. In order for this to happen, water must enter the solution, diluting it and reducing the concentration. Water will flow out of the cell and into the solution.
Note that the membrane of the cell will prevent ions from crossing.
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Which of the following events does not take place during both mitosis and meiosis?
Which of the following events does not take place during both mitosis and meiosis?
Crossing over is an event that recombines DNA between homologous, non-identical chromosomes. The result is an increase in genetic variation because the resulting daughter cells have slightly different genetic combinations than the original parent cell. Crossing over only occurs during meiosis. This is because homologous chromosomes are only in adjacent positions during prophase I. Crossing over cannot occur during mitosis because this alignment is never present; daughter cells of mitosis are always genetically identical to the parent cell.
Sister chromatids separate during anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis. Chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane dissolves during prophase of mitosis and prophase I of meiosis.
Crossing over is an event that recombines DNA between homologous, non-identical chromosomes. The result is an increase in genetic variation because the resulting daughter cells have slightly different genetic combinations than the original parent cell. Crossing over only occurs during meiosis. This is because homologous chromosomes are only in adjacent positions during prophase I. Crossing over cannot occur during mitosis because this alignment is never present; daughter cells of mitosis are always genetically identical to the parent cell.
Sister chromatids separate during anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis. Chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane dissolves during prophase of mitosis and prophase I of meiosis.
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Which of the following statements about homeostasis is correct?
Which of the following statements about homeostasis is correct?
Homeostasis describes the resistance of the body to change and serves to reinforce equilibrium. Concentration of ions and water in the blood and regulation of body temperature are examples of homeostatic regulation. These processes must be tightly regulated and maintained in order for the body to operate.
Negative feedback reinforces equilibrium and plays a key role in homeostasis. In a negative feedback system, deviations from equilibrium trigger processes that serve to return the body back to equilibrium. In contrast, a positive feedback system will respond to deviations from equilibrium by enhancing the changes, deviating farther and farther from the equilibrium state.
Hormones can play a key role in maintaining homeostasis, but many other molecules also help return the body to equilibrium.
Homeostasis describes the resistance of the body to change and serves to reinforce equilibrium. Concentration of ions and water in the blood and regulation of body temperature are examples of homeostatic regulation. These processes must be tightly regulated and maintained in order for the body to operate.
Negative feedback reinforces equilibrium and plays a key role in homeostasis. In a negative feedback system, deviations from equilibrium trigger processes that serve to return the body back to equilibrium. In contrast, a positive feedback system will respond to deviations from equilibrium by enhancing the changes, deviating farther and farther from the equilibrium state.
Hormones can play a key role in maintaining homeostasis, but many other molecules also help return the body to equilibrium.
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