Modern dance arose in the early part of the twentieth century as a reaction against ballet's dominance as the main form of concert dance. Pioneers like Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham sought to free dance from restrictive movements, ties to narrative structure, and various kinds of formalism. Modern dance also synthesized many forms of dance into creating new kinds of movement not seen before.

Beginning her career in the late nineteenth century, Isadora Duncan restructured her dancing to focus on fluid movement, improvisation, and natural poses. This new form of dance proved divisive, but highly influential, leading directly to what became termed "modern dance."