RNA

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1

Transcription factors bind to                     , after which RNA polymerase can bind to these transcription factors in order to open the DNA double helix.

promoter sites

the 3' side of the DNA strand

a peptide strand

a gene

a ribosome

Explanation

During transcription, transcription factors will bind to promoter sites on the 5' side of the gene to be transcribed. Although the answer "a gene" is technically correct, the more accurate answer is promoter site—the region of DNA that initiates transcription.

A peptide strand is the product of translation, and does not bind transcription factors.

Ribosomes help read the RNA that is eventually transcribed from the DNA, but transcription factors do not interact directly with the ribosomes.

2

Transcription factors bind to                     , after which RNA polymerase can bind to these transcription factors in order to open the DNA double helix.

promoter sites

the 3' side of the DNA strand

a peptide strand

a gene

a ribosome

Explanation

During transcription, transcription factors will bind to promoter sites on the 5' side of the gene to be transcribed. Although the answer "a gene" is technically correct, the more accurate answer is promoter site—the region of DNA that initiates transcription.

A peptide strand is the product of translation, and does not bind transcription factors.

Ribosomes help read the RNA that is eventually transcribed from the DNA, but transcription factors do not interact directly with the ribosomes.

3

All of the following statements about RNA are true EXCEPT                     .

adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine in RNA

adenine always pairs with uracil and cytosine always pairs with guanine in RNA

RNA is most frequently a single-stranded molecule

RNA contains the carbohydrate ribose

RNA and DNA both have a sugar-phosphate backbone in their molecular structure

Explanation

It is important to remember the base-pairing rules when discussing both DNA and RNA because they are the rules by which all of transcription and translation occur. In RNA, uracil takes the place of thymine, creating an A-D pair instead of an A-T pair. The structure of RNA is a single strand of alternating ribose and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases attached to the ribose. One way that DNA and RNA differ is that DNA contains deoxyribose sugar while RNA contains the ribose sugar.

4

All of the following statements about RNA are true EXCEPT                     .

adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine in RNA

adenine always pairs with uracil and cytosine always pairs with guanine in RNA

RNA is most frequently a single-stranded molecule

RNA contains the carbohydrate ribose

RNA and DNA both have a sugar-phosphate backbone in their molecular structure

Explanation

It is important to remember the base-pairing rules when discussing both DNA and RNA because they are the rules by which all of transcription and translation occur. In RNA, uracil takes the place of thymine, creating an A-D pair instead of an A-T pair. The structure of RNA is a single strand of alternating ribose and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases attached to the ribose. One way that DNA and RNA differ is that DNA contains deoxyribose sugar while RNA contains the ribose sugar.

5

All of the following statements about RNA are true EXCEPT                     .

adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine in RNA

adenine always pairs with uracil and cytosine always pairs with guanine in RNA

RNA is most frequently a single-stranded molecule

RNA contains the carbohydrate ribose

RNA and DNA both have a sugar-phosphate backbone in their molecular structure

Explanation

It is important to remember the base-pairing rules when discussing both DNA and RNA because they are the rules by which all of transcription and translation occur. In RNA, uracil takes the place of thymine, creating an A-D pair instead of an A-T pair. The structure of RNA is a single strand of alternating ribose and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases attached to the ribose. One way that DNA and RNA differ is that DNA contains deoxyribose sugar while RNA contains the ribose sugar.

6

Transcription factors bind to                     , after which RNA polymerase can bind to these transcription factors in order to open the DNA double helix.

promoter sites

the 3' side of the DNA strand

a peptide strand

a gene

a ribosome

Explanation

During transcription, transcription factors will bind to promoter sites on the 5' side of the gene to be transcribed. Although the answer "a gene" is technically correct, the more accurate answer is promoter site—the region of DNA that initiates transcription.

A peptide strand is the product of translation, and does not bind transcription factors.

Ribosomes help read the RNA that is eventually transcribed from the DNA, but transcription factors do not interact directly with the ribosomes.

7

Which of the following bases is replaced by uracil during transcription?

Thymine

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

None of these

Explanation

DNA uses four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Adenine residues bond to thymine residues, and cytosine binds to guanine.

During transcription, DNA is used as a template to generate mRNA. During this process, bases are matched to the DNA template and used to build a single strand of RNA. In RNA, there are also four nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. Thymine is not found in RNA.

8

Which of the following bases is replaced by uracil during transcription?

Thymine

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

None of these

Explanation

DNA uses four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Adenine residues bond to thymine residues, and cytosine binds to guanine.

During transcription, DNA is used as a template to generate mRNA. During this process, bases are matched to the DNA template and used to build a single strand of RNA. In RNA, there are also four nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. Thymine is not found in RNA.

9

Which of the following bases is replaced by uracil during transcription?

Thymine

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

None of these

Explanation

DNA uses four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Adenine residues bond to thymine residues, and cytosine binds to guanine.

During transcription, DNA is used as a template to generate mRNA. During this process, bases are matched to the DNA template and used to build a single strand of RNA. In RNA, there are also four nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. Thymine is not found in RNA.

10

What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA)?

To bind to specific amino acids and facilitate peptide bond formation

To transfer genetic information from the nucleus to the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell

To bind with proteins and fold into a globular form to make up the ribosome structure

To convert the deoxyribose sugar on DNA to ribose to be incorporated into RNA

Explanation

There are several types of RNA, but four main types: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and heteronuclear RNA (htRNA).

Heteronuclear RNA is the direct product of transcription, prior to post-transcriptional modification. htRNA is unable to exit the nucleus until it has undergone RNA splicing to remove introns, addition of the poly-A tail, and addition of the 5' cap. At this point, the htRNA has matured to become functional mRNA.

Messenger RNA is the final transcription product from DNA and used as the template for protein translation. It carries genetic information in the form of codons from the nucleus to the cytosol to create protein chains.

Transfer RNA binds to specific amino acids and helps add them to protein chains during translation. tRNA molecules enter active sites in the ribosome and match an anticodon region to the mRNA template codon before transferring their amino acid cargo to the polypeptide chain.

Ribosomal RNA associates with proteins and is used to form the structure of the ribosomes.

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