Use Probability for Trait Frequency - Biology
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Which Hardy–Weinberg term corresponds to the expected frequency of homozygous recessive $aa$?
Which Hardy–Weinberg term corresponds to the expected frequency of homozygous recessive $aa$?
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$q^2$. Probability of inheriting $a$ from both parents is $q \times q$.
$q^2$. Probability of inheriting $a$ from both parents is $q \times q$.
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What condition describes Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in terms of allele frequencies?
What condition describes Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in terms of allele frequencies?
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Allele frequencies remain constant across generations. No evolutionary forces acting means stable frequencies.
Allele frequencies remain constant across generations. No evolutionary forces acting means stable frequencies.
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Which assumption of Hardy–Weinberg is violated when individuals choose mates by phenotype?
Which assumption of Hardy–Weinberg is violated when individuals choose mates by phenotype?
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Random mating. Mate choice by traits creates non-random breeding patterns.
Random mating. Mate choice by traits creates non-random breeding patterns.
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Which assumption of Hardy–Weinberg is violated when many individuals enter or leave a population?
Which assumption of Hardy–Weinberg is violated when many individuals enter or leave a population?
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No migration (no gene flow). Movement changes local allele frequencies through mixing.
No migration (no gene flow). Movement changes local allele frequencies through mixing.
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Which assumption of Hardy–Weinberg is violated when alleles change due to copying errors?
Which assumption of Hardy–Weinberg is violated when alleles change due to copying errors?
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No mutation. New alleles arise spontaneously, changing frequencies.
No mutation. New alleles arise spontaneously, changing frequencies.
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Which assumption of Hardy–Weinberg is violated when survival differs by genotype?
Which assumption of Hardy–Weinberg is violated when survival differs by genotype?
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No natural selection. Differential survival/reproduction changes allele frequencies.
No natural selection. Differential survival/reproduction changes allele frequencies.
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Which assumption of Hardy–Weinberg is violated when population size is very small?
Which assumption of Hardy–Weinberg is violated when population size is very small?
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Infinitely large population (no genetic drift). Small populations experience random sampling effects.
Infinitely large population (no genetic drift). Small populations experience random sampling effects.
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Identify the allele frequency $q$ if $f(AA)=0.36$, $f(Aa)=0.48$, and $f(aa)=0.16$.
Identify the allele frequency $q$ if $f(AA)=0.36$, $f(Aa)=0.48$, and $f(aa)=0.16$.
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$0.40$. $q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.60 = 0.40$
$0.40$. $q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.60 = 0.40$
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Identify the expected genotype frequencies if $p=0.50$ and $q=0.50$ in Hardy–Weinberg.
Identify the expected genotype frequencies if $p=0.50$ and $q=0.50$ in Hardy–Weinberg.
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$p^2=0.25$, $2pq=0.50$, $q^2=0.25$. Equal allele frequencies produce maximum heterozygosity.
$p^2=0.25$, $2pq=0.50$, $q^2=0.25$. Equal allele frequencies produce maximum heterozygosity.
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What is meant by microevolution?
What is meant by microevolution?
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Change in allele frequencies within a population over time. Evolution within populations, not between species.
Change in allele frequencies within a population over time. Evolution within populations, not between species.
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Identify the expected $AA$ genotype frequency if $p=0.70$ in Hardy–Weinberg.
Identify the expected $AA$ genotype frequency if $p=0.70$ in Hardy–Weinberg.
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$p^2 = 0.49$. Calculate $p^2 = (0.70)^2 = 0.49$
$p^2 = 0.49$. Calculate $p^2 = (0.70)^2 = 0.49$
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What is natural selection in terms of trait frequency?
What is natural selection in terms of trait frequency?
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Nonrandom change in trait frequency due to differential fitness. Favorable traits increase, unfavorable traits decrease.
Nonrandom change in trait frequency due to differential fitness. Favorable traits increase, unfavorable traits decrease.
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Which Hardy–Weinberg term corresponds to the expected frequency of heterozygotes $Aa$?
Which Hardy–Weinberg term corresponds to the expected frequency of heterozygotes $Aa$?
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$2pq$. Two ways to get $Aa$: $A$ from mom, $a$ from dad or vice versa.
$2pq$. Two ways to get $Aa$: $A$ from mom, $a$ from dad or vice versa.
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What is mutation as a source of variation?
What is mutation as a source of variation?
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Random DNA change that creates new alleles. Introduces novel alleles into the gene pool.
Random DNA change that creates new alleles. Introduces novel alleles into the gene pool.
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What is selection pressure?
What is selection pressure?
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Environmental factor that affects survival or reproduction. External conditions that determine survival and reproduction.
Environmental factor that affects survival or reproduction. External conditions that determine survival and reproduction.
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What is meant by microevolution?
What is meant by microevolution?
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Change in allele frequencies within a population over time. Evolution within populations, not between species.
Change in allele frequencies within a population over time. Evolution within populations, not between species.
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Identify the probability of an offspring being $aa$ from parents $Aa \times Aa$.
Identify the probability of an offspring being $aa$ from parents $Aa \times Aa$.
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$\frac{1}{4}$. Punnett square shows $aa$ outcome in 1 of 4 boxes.
$\frac{1}{4}$. Punnett square shows $aa$ outcome in 1 of 4 boxes.
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What equation must allele frequencies satisfy for a two-allele gene?
What equation must allele frequencies satisfy for a two-allele gene?
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$p + q = 1$. All alleles must sum to 100% of the gene pool.
$p + q = 1$. All alleles must sum to 100% of the gene pool.
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What is the formula for allele frequency $q$ of allele $a$ using genotype frequencies?
What is the formula for allele frequency $q$ of allele $a$ using genotype frequencies?
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$q = f(aa) + \frac{1}{2}f(Aa)$. Homozygotes contribute 1 copy, heterozygotes contribute 0.5.
$q = f(aa) + \frac{1}{2}f(Aa)$. Homozygotes contribute 1 copy, heterozygotes contribute 0.5.
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What is the formula for allele frequency $p$ of allele $A$ using genotype frequencies?
What is the formula for allele frequency $p$ of allele $A$ using genotype frequencies?
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$p = f(AA) + \frac{1}{2}f(Aa)$. Homozygotes contribute 1 copy, heterozygotes contribute 0.5.
$p = f(AA) + \frac{1}{2}f(Aa)$. Homozygotes contribute 1 copy, heterozygotes contribute 0.5.
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What is the definition of phenotype frequency in a population?
What is the definition of phenotype frequency in a population?
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Proportion of individuals showing a specific trait (phenotype). Observed by counting individuals displaying each trait.
Proportion of individuals showing a specific trait (phenotype). Observed by counting individuals displaying each trait.
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What is the definition of genotype frequency in a population?
What is the definition of genotype frequency in a population?
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Proportion of individuals with a specific genotype. Measured by counting individuals with each genotype.
Proportion of individuals with a specific genotype. Measured by counting individuals with each genotype.
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Identify the most likely outcome if selection strongly favors allele $A$ over many generations.
Identify the most likely outcome if selection strongly favors allele $A$ over many generations.
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Allele $A$ increases in frequency; $a$ decreases. Consistent selection pressure drives directional change.
Allele $A$ increases in frequency; $a$ decreases. Consistent selection pressure drives directional change.
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Which Hardy–Weinberg term corresponds to the expected frequency of homozygous dominant $AA$?
Which Hardy–Weinberg term corresponds to the expected frequency of homozygous dominant $AA$?
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$p^2$. Probability of inheriting $A$ from both parents is $p \times p$.
$p^2$. Probability of inheriting $A$ from both parents is $p \times p$.
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What is the probability of showing a recessive phenotype from parents $Aa \times Aa$?
What is the probability of showing a recessive phenotype from parents $Aa \times Aa$?
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$\frac{1}{4}$. Recessive phenotype requires $aa$ genotype ($q^2$).
$\frac{1}{4}$. Recessive phenotype requires $aa$ genotype ($q^2$).
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Identify the allele frequency $p$ if $f(AA)=0.36$, $f(Aa)=0.48$, and $f(aa)=0.16$.
Identify the allele frequency $p$ if $f(AA)=0.36$, $f(Aa)=0.48$, and $f(aa)=0.16$.
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$0.60$. $p = f(AA) + \frac{1}{2}f(Aa) = 0.36 + 0.24 = 0.60$
$0.60$. $p = f(AA) + \frac{1}{2}f(Aa) = 0.36 + 0.24 = 0.60$
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Identify $q$ if the recessive genotype frequency is $q^2 = 0.09$ in Hardy–Weinberg.
Identify $q$ if the recessive genotype frequency is $q^2 = 0.09$ in Hardy–Weinberg.
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$q = 0.30$. Take square root of $q^2$: $\sqrt{0.09} = 0.30$
$q = 0.30$. Take square root of $q^2$: $\sqrt{0.09} = 0.30$
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Identify $p$ if $q = 0.30$ for a two-allele Hardy–Weinberg population.
Identify $p$ if $q = 0.30$ for a two-allele Hardy–Weinberg population.
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$p = 0.70$. Since $p + q = 1$: $p = 1 - 0.30 = 0.70$
$p = 0.70$. Since $p + q = 1$: $p = 1 - 0.30 = 0.70$
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Identify the expected heterozygote frequency if $p=0.70$ and $q=0.30$.
Identify the expected heterozygote frequency if $p=0.70$ and $q=0.30$.
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$2pq = 0.42$. Calculate $2 \times 0.70 \times 0.30 = 0.42$
$2pq = 0.42$. Calculate $2 \times 0.70 \times 0.30 = 0.42$
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Identify the expected $AA$ genotype frequency if $p=0.70$ in Hardy–Weinberg.
Identify the expected $AA$ genotype frequency if $p=0.70$ in Hardy–Weinberg.
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$p^2 = 0.49$. Calculate $p^2 = (0.70)^2 = 0.49$
$p^2 = 0.49$. Calculate $p^2 = (0.70)^2 = 0.49$
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