Use Probability for Inheritance Predictions - Biology
Card 1 of 30
What is $P(A_{bb})$ in the cross $AaBb \times AaBb$ with independent assortment?
What is $P(A_{bb})$ in the cross $AaBb \times AaBb$ with independent assortment?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{3}{16}$. Dominant for A, recessive for B in dihybrid cross.
$\frac{3}{16}$. Dominant for A, recessive for B in dihybrid cross.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the addition rule for mutually exclusive genetic outcomes?
What is the addition rule for mutually exclusive genetic outcomes?
Tap to reveal answer
$P(A \text{ or } B)=P(A)+P(B)$. Mutually exclusive outcomes add their probabilities.
$P(A \text{ or } B)=P(A)+P(B)$. Mutually exclusive outcomes add their probabilities.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the probability an offspring receives allele $A$ from a heterozygous parent $Aa$?
What is the probability an offspring receives allele $A$ from a heterozygous parent $Aa$?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{2}$. Equal probability of transmitting either allele.
$\frac{1}{2}$. Equal probability of transmitting either allele.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the genotype ratio from a monohybrid cross $Aa \times Aa$?
What is the genotype ratio from a monohybrid cross $Aa \times Aa$?
Tap to reveal answer
$1AA:2Aa:1aa$. Classic Mendelian ratio from heterozygous parents.
$1AA:2Aa:1aa$. Classic Mendelian ratio from heterozygous parents.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(A_{bb})$ in the cross $AaBb \times AaBb$ with independent assortment?
What is $P(A_{bb})$ in the cross $AaBb \times AaBb$ with independent assortment?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{3}{16}$. Dominant for A, recessive for B in dihybrid cross.
$\frac{3}{16}$. Dominant for A, recessive for B in dihybrid cross.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(aabb)$ in the cross $AaBb \times AaBb$ with independent assortment?
What is $P(aabb)$ in the cross $AaBb \times AaBb$ with independent assortment?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{16}$. Recessive phenotype for both traits in dihybrid cross.
$\frac{1}{16}$. Recessive phenotype for both traits in dihybrid cross.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the phenotype ratio with complete dominance from $Aa \times Aa$?
What is the phenotype ratio with complete dominance from $Aa \times Aa$?
Tap to reveal answer
$3$ dominant : $1$ recessive. Dominant allele masks recessive in heterozygotes.
$3$ dominant : $1$ recessive. Dominant allele masks recessive in heterozygotes.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(aa)$ for the cross $Aa \times Aa$ with complete dominance?
What is $P(aa)$ for the cross $Aa \times Aa$ with complete dominance?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{4}$. Only $aa$ shows recessive phenotype in complete dominance.
$\frac{1}{4}$. Only $aa$ shows recessive phenotype in complete dominance.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(Aa)$ for the cross $Aa \times Aa$?
What is $P(Aa)$ for the cross $Aa \times Aa$?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{2}$. Heterozygous offspring from two heterozygous parents.
$\frac{1}{2}$. Heterozygous offspring from two heterozygous parents.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(\text{dominant phenotype})$ for $Aa \times Aa$ with complete dominance?
What is $P(\text{dominant phenotype})$ for $Aa \times Aa$ with complete dominance?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{3}{4}$. Both $AA$ and $Aa$ show dominant phenotype.
$\frac{3}{4}$. Both $AA$ and $Aa$ show dominant phenotype.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(\text{recessive phenotype})$ for the cross $AA \times Aa$?
What is $P(\text{recessive phenotype})$ for the cross $AA \times Aa$?
Tap to reveal answer
$0$. Homozygous dominant parent cannot produce recessive offspring.
$0$. Homozygous dominant parent cannot produce recessive offspring.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the phenotype ratio for incomplete dominance in the cross $Rr \times Rr$?
What is the phenotype ratio for incomplete dominance in the cross $Rr \times Rr$?
Tap to reveal answer
$1$ red : $2$ pink : $1$ white. Heterozygotes show a blended intermediate phenotype.
$1$ red : $2$ pink : $1$ white. Heterozygotes show a blended intermediate phenotype.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(\text{intermediate phenotype})$ for incomplete dominance in $Rr \times Rr$?
What is $P(\text{intermediate phenotype})$ for incomplete dominance in $Rr \times Rr$?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{2}$. Heterozygotes ($Rr$) show the intermediate pink phenotype.
$\frac{1}{2}$. Heterozygotes ($Rr$) show the intermediate pink phenotype.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the phenotype ratio for codominance in the cross $C^RC^W \times C^RC^W$?
What is the phenotype ratio for codominance in the cross $C^RC^W \times C^RC^W$?
Tap to reveal answer
$1$ red : $2$ roan : $1$ white. Both alleles are expressed simultaneously in heterozygotes.
$1$ red : $2$ roan : $1$ white. Both alleles are expressed simultaneously in heterozygotes.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(\text{roan})$ for codominance in $C^RC^W \times C^RC^W$?
What is $P(\text{roan})$ for codominance in $C^RC^W \times C^RC^W$?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{2}$. Heterozygotes express both red and white alleles simultaneously.
$\frac{1}{2}$. Heterozygotes express both red and white alleles simultaneously.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the genotype ratio for the ABO cross $I^Ai \times I^Bi$?
What is the genotype ratio for the ABO cross $I^Ai \times I^Bi$?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{4}$ each: $I^AI^B$, $I^Ai$, $I^Bi$, $ii$. Each genotype appears in $\frac{1}{4}$ of offspring.
$\frac{1}{4}$ each: $I^AI^B$, $I^Ai$, $I^Bi$, $ii$. Each genotype appears in $\frac{1}{4}$ of offspring.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(\text{type O})$ for the ABO cross $I^Ai \times I^Bi$?
What is $P(\text{type O})$ for the ABO cross $I^Ai \times I^Bi$?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{4}$. Only $ii$ genotype produces type O blood.
$\frac{1}{4}$. Only $ii$ genotype produces type O blood.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(\text{type AB})$ for the ABO cross $I^Ai \times I^Bi$?
What is $P(\text{type AB})$ for the ABO cross $I^Ai \times I^Bi$?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{4}$. Only $I^AI^B$ genotype produces type AB blood.
$\frac{1}{4}$. Only $I^AI^B$ genotype produces type AB blood.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the classic dihybrid phenotype ratio from $AaBb \times AaBb$ (independent assortment)?
What is the classic dihybrid phenotype ratio from $AaBb \times AaBb$ (independent assortment)?
Tap to reveal answer
$9:3:3:1$. Standard ratio for two independent genes with complete dominance.
$9:3:3:1$. Standard ratio for two independent genes with complete dominance.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(A_B_)$ in the cross $AaBb \times AaBb$ with independent assortment?
What is $P(A_B_)$ in the cross $AaBb \times AaBb$ with independent assortment?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{9}{16}$. Dominant phenotype for both traits using independent assortment.
$\frac{9}{16}$. Dominant phenotype for both traits using independent assortment.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(aaB_)$ in the cross $AaBb \times AaBb$ with independent assortment?
What is $P(aaB_)$ in the cross $AaBb \times AaBb$ with independent assortment?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{3}{16}$. Recessive for A, dominant for B in dihybrid cross.
$\frac{3}{16}$. Recessive for A, dominant for B in dihybrid cross.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the probability rule that justifies multiplying probabilities across different genes in a dihybrid cross?
What is the probability rule that justifies multiplying probabilities across different genes in a dihybrid cross?
Tap to reveal answer
Independent assortment (treat events as independent). Genes on different chromosomes assort independently during meiosis.
Independent assortment (treat events as independent). Genes on different chromosomes assort independently during meiosis.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the probability of producing gamete $AB$ from genotype $AaBb$ (independent assortment)?
What is the probability of producing gamete $AB$ from genotype $AaBb$ (independent assortment)?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{4}$. Each of four possible gamete types equally likely.
$\frac{1}{4}$. Each of four possible gamete types equally likely.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(AAbb)$ in the cross $AaBb \times AaBb$ (independent assortment)?
What is $P(AAbb)$ in the cross $AaBb \times AaBb$ (independent assortment)?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{16}$. Homozygous dominant A, homozygous recessive b.
$\frac{1}{16}$. Homozygous dominant A, homozygous recessive b.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(\text{dominant for both})$ using the product rule if $P(A_)=\frac{3}{4}$ and $P(B_)=\frac{3}{4}$?
What is $P(\text{dominant for both})$ using the product rule if $P(A_)=\frac{3}{4}$ and $P(B_)=\frac{3}{4}$?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{9}{16}$. Multiply independent probabilities: $\frac{3}{4} \times \frac{3}{4}$.
$\frac{9}{16}$. Multiply independent probabilities: $\frac{3}{4} \times \frac{3}{4}$.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(\text{offspring is heterozygous at both loci } AaBb)$ in $AaBb \times AaBb$?
What is $P(\text{offspring is heterozygous at both loci } AaBb)$ in $AaBb \times AaBb$?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{4}$. Heterozygous at both loci in dihybrid cross.
$\frac{1}{4}$. Heterozygous at both loci in dihybrid cross.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(\text{at least one recessive phenotype})$ in $Aa \times Aa$?
What is $P(\text{at least one recessive phenotype})$ in $Aa \times Aa$?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{4}$. Recessive phenotype probability in monohybrid cross.
$\frac{1}{4}$. Recessive phenotype probability in monohybrid cross.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(\text{not recessive phenotype})$ in $Aa \times Aa$ with complete dominance?
What is $P(\text{not recessive phenotype})$ in $Aa \times Aa$ with complete dominance?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{3}{4}$. Complement of recessive phenotype probability.
$\frac{3}{4}$. Complement of recessive phenotype probability.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(\text{both children are } aa)$ if each child has $P(aa)=\frac{1}{4}$ and births are independent?
What is $P(\text{both children are } aa)$ if each child has $P(aa)=\frac{1}{4}$ and births are independent?
Tap to reveal answer
$\frac{1}{16}$. Independent events multiply: $\frac{1}{4} \times \frac{1}{4}$.
$\frac{1}{16}$. Independent events multiply: $\frac{1}{4} \times \frac{1}{4}$.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is $P(\text{at least one } aa)$ in two children if each has $P(aa)=\frac{1}{4}$?
What is $P(\text{at least one } aa)$ in two children if each has $P(aa)=\frac{1}{4}$?
Tap to reveal answer
$1-\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2=\frac{7}{16}$. Use complement rule: 1 minus probability of no $aa$ children.
$1-\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2=\frac{7}{16}$. Use complement rule: 1 minus probability of no $aa$ children.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →