Model Growth and Repair Processes - Biology
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Which option best completes the model: Mitosis makes identical cells, while meiosis makes _____?
Which option best completes the model: Mitosis makes identical cells, while meiosis makes _____?
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Genetically varied gametes with half the chromosome number. Meiosis reduces chromosome number and introduces genetic variation.
Genetically varied gametes with half the chromosome number. Meiosis reduces chromosome number and introduces genetic variation.
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What is angiogenesis in a tissue repair model?
What is angiogenesis in a tissue repair model?
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Formation of new blood vessels to supply healing tissue. Restores blood supply needed for tissue regeneration.
Formation of new blood vessels to supply healing tissue. Restores blood supply needed for tissue regeneration.
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Which immune cells help clean debris and coordinate later stages of tissue repair?
Which immune cells help clean debris and coordinate later stages of tissue repair?
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Macrophages. Remove debris and release signals for tissue reconstruction.
Macrophages. Remove debris and release signals for tissue reconstruction.
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Which immune cells help clean debris and coordinate later stages of tissue repair?
Which immune cells help clean debris and coordinate later stages of tissue repair?
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Macrophages. Remove debris and release signals for tissue reconstruction.
Macrophages. Remove debris and release signals for tissue reconstruction.
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Identify the stage: Two nuclei are forming and chromosomes are decondensing.
Identify the stage: Two nuclei are forming and chromosomes are decondensing.
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Telophase. Final stage reforming nuclei around separated chromosome sets.
Telophase. Final stage reforming nuclei around separated chromosome sets.
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Which type of cell division produces two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair?
Which type of cell division produces two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair?
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Mitosis. Unlike meiosis, mitosis preserves chromosome number and genetic content.
Mitosis. Unlike meiosis, mitosis preserves chromosome number and genetic content.
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What is the main purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
What is the main purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
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Growth and tissue repair by making identical cells. Creates new cells to replace damaged ones and increase organism size.
Growth and tissue repair by making identical cells. Creates new cells to replace damaged ones and increase organism size.
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What is the correct order of the stages of the cell cycle?
What is the correct order of the stages of the cell cycle?
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G$1$ → S → G$2$ → M. Sequential phases where cells grow, replicate DNA, check quality, then divide.
G$1$ → S → G$2$ → M. Sequential phases where cells grow, replicate DNA, check quality, then divide.
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Which cell cycle phase replicates DNA to prepare for cell division?
Which cell cycle phase replicates DNA to prepare for cell division?
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S phase. DNA must be duplicated before cell division to maintain chromosome number.
S phase. DNA must be duplicated before cell division to maintain chromosome number.
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Which cell cycle phase is primarily cell growth and normal cell function before DNA synthesis?
Which cell cycle phase is primarily cell growth and normal cell function before DNA synthesis?
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G$1$ phase. Cell accumulates materials and energy needed for DNA replication.
G$1$ phase. Cell accumulates materials and energy needed for DNA replication.
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Which cell cycle phase checks DNA replication and prepares the cell for mitosis?
Which cell cycle phase checks DNA replication and prepares the cell for mitosis?
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G$2$ phase. Quality control ensures accurate DNA replication before division begins.
G$2$ phase. Quality control ensures accurate DNA replication before division begins.
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What is the M phase of the cell cycle composed of?
What is the M phase of the cell cycle composed of?
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Mitosis and cytokinesis. Nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division creates two cells.
Mitosis and cytokinesis. Nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division creates two cells.
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What is cytokinesis?
What is cytokinesis?
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Division of the cytoplasm into two cells. Completes cell division by physically separating the two nuclei.
Division of the cytoplasm into two cells. Completes cell division by physically separating the two nuclei.
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Which mitosis stage has chromosomes condensing and the nuclear envelope breaking down?
Which mitosis stage has chromosomes condensing and the nuclear envelope breaking down?
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Prophase. Chromosomes become visible and nuclear barrier dissolves for division.
Prophase. Chromosomes become visible and nuclear barrier dissolves for division.
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Which mitosis stage aligns chromosomes at the cell equator (metaphase plate)?
Which mitosis stage aligns chromosomes at the cell equator (metaphase plate)?
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Metaphase. Ensures equal chromosome distribution by central alignment.
Metaphase. Ensures equal chromosome distribution by central alignment.
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Which mitosis stage separates sister chromatids and pulls them to opposite poles?
Which mitosis stage separates sister chromatids and pulls them to opposite poles?
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Anaphase. Sister chromatids separate to ensure equal genetic distribution.
Anaphase. Sister chromatids separate to ensure equal genetic distribution.
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Which mitosis stage reforms nuclear envelopes and begins chromosome decondensation?
Which mitosis stage reforms nuclear envelopes and begins chromosome decondensation?
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Telophase. Nuclear membranes reform around separated chromosome sets.
Telophase. Nuclear membranes reform around separated chromosome sets.
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What is a chromatid?
What is a chromatid?
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One of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome. DNA replication creates two attached copies for accurate distribution.
One of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome. DNA replication creates two attached copies for accurate distribution.
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What structure holds sister chromatids together before anaphase?
What structure holds sister chromatids together before anaphase?
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Centromere (with cohesin proteins). Keeps sister chromatids attached until proper spindle alignment.
Centromere (with cohesin proteins). Keeps sister chromatids attached until proper spindle alignment.
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Which cell structure forms spindle fibers that move chromosomes during mitosis?
Which cell structure forms spindle fibers that move chromosomes during mitosis?
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Centrosome (microtubule-organizing center). Organizes microtubules that physically move chromosomes during division.
Centrosome (microtubule-organizing center). Organizes microtubules that physically move chromosomes during division.
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What is the spindle apparatus?
What is the spindle apparatus?
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Microtubule system that separates chromosomes. Protein fibers that attach to and move chromosomes during division.
Microtubule system that separates chromosomes. Protein fibers that attach to and move chromosomes during division.
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Which checkpoint ensures chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers before separation?
Which checkpoint ensures chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers before separation?
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Metaphase (spindle) checkpoint. Prevents premature separation that would cause chromosome loss.
Metaphase (spindle) checkpoint. Prevents premature separation that would cause chromosome loss.
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Which checkpoint verifies cell size, nutrients, and DNA damage before DNA replication?
Which checkpoint verifies cell size, nutrients, and DNA damage before DNA replication?
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G$1$ checkpoint. Ensures cell readiness before committing to DNA replication.
G$1$ checkpoint. Ensures cell readiness before committing to DNA replication.
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Which checkpoint verifies DNA replication is complete and damage is repaired before mitosis?
Which checkpoint verifies DNA replication is complete and damage is repaired before mitosis?
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G$2$ checkpoint. Confirms DNA integrity before proceeding to chromosome separation.
G$2$ checkpoint. Confirms DNA integrity before proceeding to chromosome separation.
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What is apoptosis?
What is apoptosis?
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Programmed cell death that removes damaged cells. Controlled cell death prevents damaged cells from becoming harmful.
Programmed cell death that removes damaged cells. Controlled cell death prevents damaged cells from becoming harmful.
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How does apoptosis support growth and repair in organisms?
How does apoptosis support growth and repair in organisms?
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Eliminates damaged cells to protect tissue function. Prevents defective cells from interfering with normal tissue function.
Eliminates damaged cells to protect tissue function. Prevents defective cells from interfering with normal tissue function.
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What is a stem cell?
What is a stem cell?
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An undifferentiated cell that can self-renew and differentiate. Can produce both new stem cells and specialized cell types.
An undifferentiated cell that can self-renew and differentiate. Can produce both new stem cells and specialized cell types.
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Which stem cells are found in adult tissues and mainly maintain and repair those tissues?
Which stem cells are found in adult tissues and mainly maintain and repair those tissues?
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Adult (somatic) stem cells. Limited to specific tissue types but essential for local repair.
Adult (somatic) stem cells. Limited to specific tissue types but essential for local repair.
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Which type of stem cell can differentiate into nearly any body cell type?
Which type of stem cell can differentiate into nearly any body cell type?
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Pluripotent stem cell. Has broad developmental potential except extraembryonic tissues.
Pluripotent stem cell. Has broad developmental potential except extraembryonic tissues.
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What is differentiation?
What is differentiation?
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Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function. Cells acquire specific roles through selective gene expression changes.
Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function. Cells acquire specific roles through selective gene expression changes.
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