Biology Flashcards: Model Growth And Repair Processes

What this deck covers

This deck focuses on Model Growth And Repair Processes, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for Biology.

How to use these flashcards

Work through these flashcards in short sessions. Try to answer each prompt before flipping the card, then revisit any cards you miss until the explanation feels automatic.

Flashcard 1: Which option best completes the model: Mitosis makes identical cells, while meiosis makes  ?

Answer: Genetically varied gametes with half the chromosome number. Meiosis reduces chromosome number and introduces genetic variation.

Flashcard 2: What is angiogenesis in a tissue repair model?

Answer: Formation of new blood vessels to supply healing tissue. Restores blood supply needed for tissue regeneration.

Flashcard 3: Which immune cells help clean debris and coordinate later stages of tissue repair?

Answer: Macrophages. Remove debris and release signals for tissue reconstruction.

Flashcard 4: Which immune cells help clean debris and coordinate later stages of tissue repair?

Answer: Macrophages. Remove debris and release signals for tissue reconstruction.

Flashcard 5: Identify the stage: Two nuclei are forming and chromosomes are decondensing.

Answer: Telophase. Final stage reforming nuclei around separated chromosome sets.

Flashcard 6: Which type of cell division produces two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair?

Answer: Mitosis. Unlike meiosis, mitosis preserves chromosome number and genetic content.

Flashcard 7: What is the main purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

Answer: Growth and tissue repair by making identical cells. Creates new cells to replace damaged ones and increase organism size.

Flashcard 8: What is the correct order of the stages of the cell cycle?

Answer: G$1$ → S → G$2$ → M. Sequential phases where cells grow, replicate DNA, check quality, then divide.

Flashcard 9: Which cell cycle phase replicates DNA to prepare for cell division?

Answer: S phase. DNA must be duplicated before cell division to maintain chromosome number.

Flashcard 10: Which cell cycle phase is primarily cell growth and normal cell function before DNA synthesis?

Answer: G$1$ phase. Cell accumulates materials and energy needed for DNA replication.

Flashcard 11: Which cell cycle phase checks DNA replication and prepares the cell for mitosis?

Answer: G$2$ phase. Quality control ensures accurate DNA replication before division begins.

Flashcard 12: What is the M phase of the cell cycle composed of?

Answer: Mitosis and cytokinesis. Nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division creates two cells.

Flashcard 13: What is cytokinesis?

Answer: Division of the cytoplasm into two cells. Completes cell division by physically separating the two nuclei.

Flashcard 14: Which mitosis stage has chromosomes condensing and the nuclear envelope breaking down?

Answer: Prophase. Chromosomes become visible and nuclear barrier dissolves for division.

Flashcard 15: Which mitosis stage aligns chromosomes at the cell equator (metaphase plate)?

Answer: Metaphase. Ensures equal chromosome distribution by central alignment.

Flashcard 16: Which mitosis stage separates sister chromatids and pulls them to opposite poles?

Answer: Anaphase. Sister chromatids separate to ensure equal genetic distribution.

Flashcard 17: Which mitosis stage reforms nuclear envelopes and begins chromosome decondensation?

Answer: Telophase. Nuclear membranes reform around separated chromosome sets.

Flashcard 18: What is a chromatid?

Answer: One of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome. DNA replication creates two attached copies for accurate distribution.

Flashcard 19: What structure holds sister chromatids together before anaphase?

Answer: Centromere (with cohesin proteins). Keeps sister chromatids attached until proper spindle alignment.

Flashcard 20: Which cell structure forms spindle fibers that move chromosomes during mitosis?

Answer: Centrosome (microtubule-organizing center). Organizes microtubules that physically move chromosomes during division.

Flashcard 21: What is the spindle apparatus?

Answer: Microtubule system that separates chromosomes. Protein fibers that attach to and move chromosomes during division.

Flashcard 22: Which checkpoint ensures chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers before separation?

Answer: Metaphase (spindle) checkpoint. Prevents premature separation that would cause chromosome loss.

Flashcard 23: Which checkpoint verifies cell size, nutrients, and DNA damage before DNA replication?

Answer: G$1$ checkpoint. Ensures cell readiness before committing to DNA replication.

Flashcard 24: Which checkpoint verifies DNA replication is complete and damage is repaired before mitosis?

Answer: G$2$ checkpoint. Confirms DNA integrity before proceeding to chromosome separation.

Flashcard 25: What is apoptosis?

Answer: Programmed cell death that removes damaged cells. Controlled cell death prevents damaged cells from becoming harmful.

Flashcard 26: How does apoptosis support growth and repair in organisms?

Answer: Eliminates damaged cells to protect tissue function. Prevents defective cells from interfering with normal tissue function.

Flashcard 27: What is a stem cell?

Answer: An undifferentiated cell that can self-renew and differentiate. Can produce both new stem cells and specialized cell types.

Flashcard 28: Which stem cells are found in adult tissues and mainly maintain and repair those tissues?

Answer: Adult (somatic) stem cells. Limited to specific tissue types but essential for local repair.

Flashcard 29: Which type of stem cell can differentiate into nearly any body cell type?

Answer: Pluripotent stem cell. Has broad developmental potential except extraembryonic tissues.

Flashcard 30: What is differentiation?

Answer: Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function. Cells acquire specific roles through selective gene expression changes.