Mitosis - Biology

The process of mitosis involves separating the already duplicated chromosomes (sister chromatids). The parent cell doubled its DNA during the S phase of interphase so that it now has four copies of each gene (two copies of each allele). In humans this is equivalent to two copies of all 23 chromosomes from the mother, and two copies of all 23 chromosomes from the father, sometimes called 2x2n or 4n depending on the textbook.

During division, each chromosome is divided into its component chromatids. The result is a single copy of each chromosome (two copies of each gene, one from the mother and one from the father) in each daughter cell. Because there are two copies of each gene in the daughter cells, they are considered diploid. Sister chromatids are identical genetic copies; separating sister chromatids will result in identical daughter cells.

In contrast, the final product of meiosis is four nonidentical haploid cells. Each daughter cell at the end of meiosis carries only one copy of each gene (haploid) and is nonidentical to the other three daughter cells due to the phenomenon of independent assortment.

Spindle fibers are specialized microtubule structures that guide the movement of chromosomes and chromatids during mitosis. During mitosis, the spindle fibers will bind to a protein complex (known as the kinetochore) at the center of the chromosome. The kinetochore serves as an anchor, allowing the spindle fibers to retract and separate the sister chromatids. Centrioles serve as the opposite anchor point, keeping the other end of the spindle fiber attached to the pole of the cell.

Viscles are small membrane-bound sacs that can be used to transport proteins and other molecules either within the cell, or between the cell and the extracellular matrix. Microfiliments are another component of the cytoskeleton and are frequently associated with motility; the protein actin is a microfiliment.

Recall PMAT mnemonic for remembering the steps in mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Mitosis involves the separation of the (already-duplicated) chromosomes. The chromosomes condense, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down during prophase. During metaphase, the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate. In anaphase, the sister chromosomes begin getting pulled to opposite ends of the cell. Telophase is the opposite of prophase, and the cell undergoes cytokinesis.

Metaphase, by definition, is the point in which the sister chromatids align themselves along the middle of the plane which is known as the metaphase plate.

The responses explain interphase (chromosomes entangled with one another, enveloped in the nuclear membrane) and anaphase (chromosomes are at separate poles with kinetochore attachments). The other two responses are not phases of mitosis.

Kinetochores are protein structures located near the center of chromatids during cell division. Each chromatid has its own kinetochore so that spindle fibers can attach and pull the sister chromatids to opposite ends of the dividing cell. Note that the kinetochore assembles on the centromere region.

Metaphase is the stage of cell division during which the sister chromatids line up along the metaphase plate in the center of the cell.

Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell prepares for cell division. The cell spends most of its life cycle in interphase, during which is transcribes genes, synthesizes proteins, and performs most of its intended functions. Interphase is not generally considered a phase of mitosis.

Prophase is the stage of the cell cycle during which the chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope dissolves.

Anaphase occurs when the sister chromatids that have lined up along the metaphase plate separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers.

Telophase occurs when two daughter nuclei form in the two new cells at the conclusion of mitosis.

The order of mitosis is: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, (interphase).

The phases of mitosis can be described as follows:

During prophase chromatin condenses to form discrete chromosomes.

During metaphase microtubules attach to the kinetochores and chromatids begin segregating.

During anaphase sister chromatids have been separated and reside at opposite poles of the cell.

During telophase both sets of chromatids are surround by new nuclear membranes and chromosomes decondense into chromatin.

Cytokinesis (the dividing of the cytoplasm into two cells) follows telophase.

If the cell were arrested during telophase, distinct chromatids would no longer be visible.

Prophase is the first stage of mitosis, during which the cell begins to position itself in order to separate the chromatids and divide. During prophase, the nuclear envelope and nucleolus are dissolved and the chromosomes condense. The centrioles and spindle fibers begin to form at opposite poles of the cell.

Chromatid separation is not seen until anaphase.

Mitosis is the process of cell division, and is separated into four stages. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope dissolves. During metaphase, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell. During anaphase, the sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell. During telophase, the nuclear envelope begins to re-form around the divided chromatids.

There are five main steps of mitosis.

• Prophase: the nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes condense, and spindle fibers connect to sister chromatids.
• Metaphase: spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to the metaphase plate at the equator of the cell.
• Anaphase: spindle fibers separate sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.
• Telophase: chromatids reach the poles of the cell, the spindle fibers detach, and cleavage at the metaphase plate/equator begins to form.
• Cytokinesis: the cell cytoplasm splits completely in half where the cleavage formed, giving two identical daughter cells with the same chromosomes as the parent.

Some scientists classify cytokinesis as its own event, separate from mitosis. Interphase is a portion of the cell cycle for growth, and is not a part of mitotic division.

Mitosis involves four distinct stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Prophase is the first step of mitosis, during which chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope dissolves. Metaphase follows prophase. During metaphase, the chromosomes align in the center of the cell at the equatorial plate and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. Anaphase involves the retraction of the spindle fibers and the separation fo sister chromatids. The nuclear envelope begins to develop and the cell prepares for the final division during telophase. Cytokinesis is not generally included in the phases of mitosis, and refers to the final separation of the cell cytoplasm into two identical daughter cells.

Interphase refers to the portion of the cell cycle during which the cell is not dividing, and includes the G1, S, and G2 phases.

The mitosis (M) phase of the cell cycle has four sequential stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In the first stage, prophase, each chromosome becomes condensed and more visible, and there is the breakdown of the nuclear membrane and appearance of spindle fibers. In the next phase, metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the metaphasic plate. The spindle fibers are completely formed and are attached to each sister chromatid of the chromosomes. Next, during anaphase, the centromeres holding the sister chromatids together are divided and the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the diving cell. During the last phase of mitosis, telophase, the two sets of chromosomes reach the poles of the cell. This is followed by the reformation of the nuclear envelope, uncoiling of the DNA, and disappearance of the spindle fibers.

Centromeres are the structures at the center of each chromosome that hold the sister chomatids together. The division of the centromeres occurs during anaphase. This allows for the separation of each sister chromatid into its respective daughter cell.

Mitosis has four sequential stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In prophase, each chromosome becomes condensed and more visible, and there is the breakdown of the nuclear membrane and appearance of spindle fibers. In the next phase, metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the metaphasic plate. The spindle fibers are completely formed and are attached to each sister chromatid of the chromosomes. Next, during anaphase, the centromeres holding the sister chromatids together are divided and the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the diving cell. During the last phase of mitosis, telophase, the two sets of chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell. This is followed by the reformation of the nuclear envelope, uncoiling of the DNA, and disappearance of the spindle fibers. After the M phase is the separation of the cytoplasm, known as cytokinesis, which results in two distinct daughter cells.

Mitosis has four sequential stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In prophase, each chromosome becomes condensed and more visible, and there is the breakdown of the nuclear membrane and appearance of spindle fibers. In the next phase, metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers are completely formed and are attached to each sister chromatid of the chromosomes. Next, during anaphase, the centromeres holding the sister chromatids together are divided and the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the diving cell. During the last phase of mitosis, telophase, the two sets of chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell. This is followed by the reformation of the nuclear envelope, uncoiling of the DNA, and disappearance of the spindle fibers. After the M phase is the separation of the cytoplasm, known as cytokinesis, which results in two distinct daughter cells.

Mitosis is cellular cloning. This means that Mitosis ends with two identical cells; no variation. Mitosis is how the body repairs skin and other tissues. Because the tissue being repaired needs to match its neighboring cell, there is no need for variation which is exactly what crossing over does. It mixes-n-matches the genetic material amongst chromosomes, which helps to give rise to the variation we see amongst our own species and in all animals that reproduce sexually (Meiosis).

G0 phase is a post-mitotic phase. It may be a permanent (as often is the case for neurons) or semi-permanent (for some liver, kidney, and stomach cells) phase. Epithelial cells do not enter G0, allowing these cells to continue to divide throughout an organisms life.

The G1 phase is the first phase within interphase. It can more easily be remembered as the "first growth" phase. During this period the cell increases its supply of proteins while also increasing the number of organelles (such as ribosomes and mitochondria) in addition to growing in size. This stage is critical toward making sure that the cell has appropriate resources for DNA synthesis. After G1, S phase proceeds.

Metaphase is characterized by the lining up of chromosomes along the "metaphase plate," an imaginary line that divides the cell in half. Following metaphase and during anaphase, the sister chromatids will separate and move towards the poles of the cell.

There are many ways that mitosis and meiosis differ, in this question we are primed to look at the differences in the end products of each type of cell division.

Mitosis creates two new cells that are identical to the parent cell (diploid). Meiosis creates 4 new cells with half the genetic information (haploid) in each cell, and the cells are nonidentical to the parent cell and to their sister cells.