Interpret Evolutionary Trend Data - Biology
Card 1 of 30
If $p=0.60$ and $q=0.40$, what are expected genotype frequencies $AA, Aa, aa$?
If $p=0.60$ and $q=0.40$, what are expected genotype frequencies $AA, Aa, aa$?
Tap to reveal answer
$AA=0.36$, $Aa=0.48$, $aa=0.16$. Use $p^2$, $2pq$, and $q^2$ formulas.
$AA=0.36$, $Aa=0.48$, $aa=0.16$. Use $p^2$, $2pq$, and $q^2$ formulas.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the term for similarity in traits due to similar function, not shared ancestry?
What is the term for similarity in traits due to similar function, not shared ancestry?
Tap to reveal answer
Analogy. Similar function evolved independently, not inheritance.
Analogy. Similar function evolved independently, not inheritance.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If two populations become more genetically similar after migration between them, which mechanism fits?
If two populations become more genetically similar after migration between them, which mechanism fits?
Tap to reveal answer
Gene flow. Migration makes populations more genetically similar.
Gene flow. Migration makes populations more genetically similar.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If a trait mean steadily increases across time points, which selection pattern is most consistent?
If a trait mean steadily increases across time points, which selection pattern is most consistent?
Tap to reveal answer
Directional selection. Consistent shift in one direction indicates selection.
Directional selection. Consistent shift in one direction indicates selection.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If trait variance decreases while the mean stays similar over time, which selection is most consistent?
If trait variance decreases while the mean stays similar over time, which selection is most consistent?
Tap to reveal answer
Stabilizing selection. Reduced variance with stable mean indicates stabilizing.
Stabilizing selection. Reduced variance with stable mean indicates stabilizing.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If intermediate phenotypes decline and both extremes increase over generations, which selection fits?
If intermediate phenotypes decline and both extremes increase over generations, which selection fits?
Tap to reveal answer
Disruptive selection. Extremes increase while intermediates decrease.
Disruptive selection. Extremes increase while intermediates decrease.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If allele frequencies change rapidly after a storm drastically reduces population size, what cause fits?
If allele frequencies change rapidly after a storm drastically reduces population size, what cause fits?
Tap to reveal answer
Bottleneck effect (genetic drift). Sudden population reduction causes random changes.
Bottleneck effect (genetic drift). Sudden population reduction causes random changes.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If a new population has allele frequencies very different from the source population at founding, what cause fits?
If a new population has allele frequencies very different from the source population at founding, what cause fits?
Tap to reveal answer
Founder effect (genetic drift). Small founding group creates different frequencies.
Founder effect (genetic drift). Small founding group creates different frequencies.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If two populations become more genetically similar after migration between them, which mechanism fits?
If two populations become more genetically similar after migration between them, which mechanism fits?
Tap to reveal answer
Gene flow. Migration makes populations more genetically similar.
Gene flow. Migration makes populations more genetically similar.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If a harmful recessive allele persists because heterozygotes have highest fitness, what mechanism is shown?
If a harmful recessive allele persists because heterozygotes have highest fitness, what mechanism is shown?
Tap to reveal answer
Heterozygote advantage (balancing selection). Mixed genotype has highest fitness, maintaining both alleles.
Heterozygote advantage (balancing selection). Mixed genotype has highest fitness, maintaining both alleles.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If allele frequencies cycle because rare phenotypes have higher fitness, what mechanism is indicated?
If allele frequencies cycle because rare phenotypes have higher fitness, what mechanism is indicated?
Tap to reveal answer
Negative frequency-dependent selection. Rare types have advantage, preventing fixation.
Negative frequency-dependent selection. Rare types have advantage, preventing fixation.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which option best interprets a consistent increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria after treatment?
Which option best interprets a consistent increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria after treatment?
Tap to reveal answer
Natural selection increased resistance allele frequency. Antibiotic creates selective pressure favoring resistance.
Natural selection increased resistance allele frequency. Antibiotic creates selective pressure favoring resistance.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which option best interprets a rapid rise of pesticide resistance after pesticide use begins?
Which option best interprets a rapid rise of pesticide resistance after pesticide use begins?
Tap to reveal answer
Directional selection favoring resistant individuals. Pesticide selects for resistant individuals over time.
Directional selection favoring resistant individuals. Pesticide selects for resistant individuals over time.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the term for random change in allele frequencies that is strongest in small populations?
What is the term for random change in allele frequencies that is strongest in small populations?
Tap to reveal answer
Genetic drift. Random sampling effects vary inversely with population size.
Genetic drift. Random sampling effects vary inversely with population size.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If genotype frequencies match $p^2:2pq:q^2$ and remain constant, what is the conclusion?
If genotype frequencies match $p^2:2pq:q^2$ and remain constant, what is the conclusion?
Tap to reveal answer
Population is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at that locus. Genotype frequencies match predictions and stay constant.
Population is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at that locus. Genotype frequencies match predictions and stay constant.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If allele frequency changes from $p=0.40$ to $p=0.55$ across generations, what occurred?
If allele frequency changes from $p=0.40$ to $p=0.55$ across generations, what occurred?
Tap to reveal answer
Evolution occurred (allele frequencies changed). Allele frequency change indicates evolutionary change.
Evolution occurred (allele frequencies changed). Allele frequency change indicates evolutionary change.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What relationship must allele frequencies satisfy at a two-allele locus when computed from data?
What relationship must allele frequencies satisfy at a two-allele locus when computed from data?
Tap to reveal answer
$p+q=1$. Two allele frequencies must sum to one.
$p+q=1$. Two allele frequencies must sum to one.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If allele frequency changes are larger in a small population than a large one, what trend does this show?
If allele frequency changes are larger in a small population than a large one, what trend does this show?
Tap to reveal answer
Stronger genetic drift in smaller populations. Smaller populations show larger random fluctuations.
Stronger genetic drift in smaller populations. Smaller populations show larger random fluctuations.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the term for a trait that is favored because it increases mating success in data trends?
What is the term for a trait that is favored because it increases mating success in data trends?
Tap to reveal answer
Sexual selection. Traits evolve to increase reproductive opportunities.
Sexual selection. Traits evolve to increase reproductive opportunities.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If male ornament size increases while survival decreases but mating success increases, what selection fits?
If male ornament size increases while survival decreases but mating success increases, what selection fits?
Tap to reveal answer
Sexual selection. Ornaments increase mating despite survival costs.
Sexual selection. Ornaments increase mating despite survival costs.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the term for a split in one lineage into two or more lineages shown in phylogenetic data?
What is the term for a split in one lineage into two or more lineages shown in phylogenetic data?
Tap to reveal answer
Speciation. One lineage splits into multiple separate lineages.
Speciation. One lineage splits into multiple separate lineages.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the term for speciation caused by geographic isolation, often inferred from range data?
What is the term for speciation caused by geographic isolation, often inferred from range data?
Tap to reveal answer
Allopatric speciation. Geographic barriers separate populations, preventing gene flow.
Allopatric speciation. Geographic barriers separate populations, preventing gene flow.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which equation gives allele frequency $q$ for allele $a$ from genotype counts $AA, Aa, aa$?
Which equation gives allele frequency $q$ for allele $a$ from genotype counts $AA, Aa, aa$?
Tap to reveal answer
$q=\frac{2aa+Aa}{2N}$. Counts both homozygotes and half the heterozygotes.
$q=\frac{2aa+Aa}{2N}$. Counts both homozygotes and half the heterozygotes.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which equation gives allele frequency $p$ for allele $A$ from genotype counts $AA, Aa, aa$?
Which equation gives allele frequency $p$ for allele $A$ from genotype counts $AA, Aa, aa$?
Tap to reveal answer
$p=\frac{2AA+Aa}{2N}$. Counts both homozygotes and half the heterozygotes.
$p=\frac{2AA+Aa}{2N}$. Counts both homozygotes and half the heterozygotes.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the term for speciation without geographic separation, inferred from within-range divergence?
What is the term for speciation without geographic separation, inferred from within-range divergence?
Tap to reveal answer
Sympatric speciation. Populations diverge in the same geographic area.
Sympatric speciation. Populations diverge in the same geographic area.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the term for a DNA sequence difference used to track evolutionary change in populations?
What is the term for a DNA sequence difference used to track evolutionary change in populations?
Tap to reveal answer
Genetic marker. DNA variations help track population changes.
Genetic marker. DNA variations help track population changes.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which option best defines reproductive isolation when interpreting speciation evidence?
Which option best defines reproductive isolation when interpreting speciation evidence?
Tap to reveal answer
Barriers prevent gene flow between populations. Populations cannot successfully interbreed and exchange genes.
Barriers prevent gene flow between populations. Populations cannot successfully interbreed and exchange genes.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
If two populations show increasing genetic divergence and decreasing hybrid fertility, what conclusion fits?
If two populations show increasing genetic divergence and decreasing hybrid fertility, what conclusion fits?
Tap to reveal answer
Reproductive isolation is increasing toward speciation. Genetic differences and breeding barriers are developing.
Reproductive isolation is increasing toward speciation. Genetic differences and breeding barriers are developing.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the term for a gradual change within a lineage over time as seen in fossil sequences?
What is the term for a gradual change within a lineage over time as seen in fossil sequences?
Tap to reveal answer
Anagenesis. Single lineage changes gradually over time.
Anagenesis. Single lineage changes gradually over time.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the term for long periods of little change punctuated by rapid change in the fossil record?
What is the term for long periods of little change punctuated by rapid change in the fossil record?
Tap to reveal answer
Punctuated equilibrium. Rapid change alternates with periods of stasis.
Punctuated equilibrium. Rapid change alternates with periods of stasis.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →