Explain Light to Chemical Energy - Biology
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What is the term for ATP production powered by light-driven electron transport in chloroplasts?
What is the term for ATP production powered by light-driven electron transport in chloroplasts?
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Photophosphorylation. ATP synthesis driven by light energy through electron transport.
Photophosphorylation. ATP synthesis driven by light energy through electron transport.
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What is the role of accessory pigments such as carotenoids in photosynthesis?
What is the role of accessory pigments such as carotenoids in photosynthesis?
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Absorb additional wavelengths and transfer energy to chlorophyll. Expand the range of light wavelengths captured for photosynthesis.
Absorb additional wavelengths and transfer energy to chlorophyll. Expand the range of light wavelengths captured for photosynthesis.
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What gas is released as a byproduct when water is split in photosynthesis?
What gas is released as a byproduct when water is split in photosynthesis?
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$O_2$. Oxygen is released when water is split to provide electrons.
$O_2$. Oxygen is released when water is split to provide electrons.
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Which photosystem is used in cyclic electron flow?
Which photosystem is used in cyclic electron flow?
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Photosystem I. Only PSI participates in the cyclic pathway.
Photosystem I. Only PSI participates in the cyclic pathway.
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What organelle converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis?
What organelle converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis?
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Chloroplast. Contains thylakoids where light reactions occur and stroma for the Calvin cycle.
Chloroplast. Contains thylakoids where light reactions occur and stroma for the Calvin cycle.
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Identify the correct location for Rubisco activity: thylakoid lumen, thylakoid membrane, or stroma.
Identify the correct location for Rubisco activity: thylakoid lumen, thylakoid membrane, or stroma.
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Stroma. Calvin cycle enzymes operate in the chloroplast's fluid matrix.
Stroma. Calvin cycle enzymes operate in the chloroplast's fluid matrix.
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Identify the direct source of the $O_2$ released in photosynthesis: $CO_2$ or $H_2O$?
Identify the direct source of the $O_2$ released in photosynthesis: $CO_2$ or $H_2O$?
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$H_2O$. Oxygen atoms in released $O_2$ come from split water molecules.
$H_2O$. Oxygen atoms in released $O_2$ come from split water molecules.
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Choose the correct pairing: PSI reaction center is $P680$ or $P700$?
Choose the correct pairing: PSI reaction center is $P680$ or $P700$?
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PSI is $P700$. PSI contains $P700$ chlorophyll reaction center.
PSI is $P700$. PSI contains $P700$ chlorophyll reaction center.
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Choose the correct pairing: PSII reaction center is $P680$ or $P700$?
Choose the correct pairing: PSII reaction center is $P680$ or $P700$?
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PSII is $P680$. PSII contains $P680$ chlorophyll reaction center.
PSII is $P680$. PSII contains $P680$ chlorophyll reaction center.
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What is the role of accessory pigments such as carotenoids in photosynthesis?
What is the role of accessory pigments such as carotenoids in photosynthesis?
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Absorb additional wavelengths and transfer energy to chlorophyll. Expand the range of light wavelengths captured for photosynthesis.
Absorb additional wavelengths and transfer energy to chlorophyll. Expand the range of light wavelengths captured for photosynthesis.
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What is the name for chlorophyll and accessory pigments that capture light in a photosystem?
What is the name for chlorophyll and accessory pigments that capture light in a photosystem?
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Light-harvesting complex (antenna complex). Network of pigments that collect and funnel light energy.
Light-harvesting complex (antenna complex). Network of pigments that collect and funnel light energy.
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What is the immediate energy conversion when chlorophyll absorbs a photon?
What is the immediate energy conversion when chlorophyll absorbs a photon?
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Light energy excites an electron to a higher energy level. Photon energy elevates electrons to higher energy states.
Light energy excites an electron to a higher energy level. Photon energy elevates electrons to higher energy states.
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Which stage of photosynthesis can proceed without light if ATP and NADPH are available?
Which stage of photosynthesis can proceed without light if ATP and NADPH are available?
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Calvin cycle. Can operate independently if energy carriers are available.
Calvin cycle. Can operate independently if energy carriers are available.
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Which stage of photosynthesis directly requires photons to proceed?
Which stage of photosynthesis directly requires photons to proceed?
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Light-dependent reactions. Light is directly needed to drive photosystem reactions.
Light-dependent reactions. Light is directly needed to drive photosystem reactions.
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What is the balanced overall equation for oxygenic photosynthesis?
What is the balanced overall equation for oxygenic photosynthesis?
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$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$. Overall reaction showing $CO_2$ and water converting to glucose and oxygen.
$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$. Overall reaction showing $CO_2$ and water converting to glucose and oxygen.
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What is the main chemical form in which light energy is stored after photosynthesis?
What is the main chemical form in which light energy is stored after photosynthesis?
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Chemical energy in sugars (such as glucose). Light energy is converted into stable chemical bonds in carbohydrates.
Chemical energy in sugars (such as glucose). Light energy is converted into stable chemical bonds in carbohydrates.
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What is the immediate 3-carbon product formed after $CO_2$ fixation and splitting of the 6-carbon intermediate?
What is the immediate 3-carbon product formed after $CO_2$ fixation and splitting of the 6-carbon intermediate?
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3-PGA (3-phosphoglycerate). First stable product formed after $CO_2$ combines with RuBP.
3-PGA (3-phosphoglycerate). First stable product formed after $CO_2$ combines with RuBP.
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What is the term for incorporating inorganic $CO_2$ into an organic molecule?
What is the term for incorporating inorganic $CO_2$ into an organic molecule?
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Carbon fixation. Conversion of inorganic carbon into organic molecules.
Carbon fixation. Conversion of inorganic carbon into organic molecules.
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Which molecule provides the energy input to phosphorylate intermediates in the Calvin cycle?
Which molecule provides the energy input to phosphorylate intermediates in the Calvin cycle?
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ATP. Powers the phosphorylation reactions in the Calvin cycle.
ATP. Powers the phosphorylation reactions in the Calvin cycle.
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Which molecule provides the reducing power to convert 3-PGA into G3P?
Which molecule provides the reducing power to convert 3-PGA into G3P?
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NADPH. Provides electrons and hydrogen for reducing carbon compounds.
NADPH. Provides electrons and hydrogen for reducing carbon compounds.
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What 3-carbon molecule is the direct carbohydrate product that exits the Calvin cycle?
What 3-carbon molecule is the direct carbohydrate product that exits the Calvin cycle?
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G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate). Three-carbon sugar that can be used to make glucose.
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate). Three-carbon sugar that can be used to make glucose.
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What 5-carbon molecule does Rubisco attach $CO_2$ to at the start of the Calvin cycle?
What 5-carbon molecule does Rubisco attach $CO_2$ to at the start of the Calvin cycle?
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RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate). Five-carbon acceptor molecule for $CO_2$ in the Calvin cycle.
RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate). Five-carbon acceptor molecule for $CO_2$ in the Calvin cycle.
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What is the main carbon-fixing enzyme of the Calvin cycle?
What is the main carbon-fixing enzyme of the Calvin cycle?
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Rubisco. Catalyzes the attachment of $CO_2$ to RuBP in carbon fixation.
Rubisco. Catalyzes the attachment of $CO_2$ to RuBP in carbon fixation.
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What is cyclic electron flow primarily used to produce in chloroplasts?
What is cyclic electron flow primarily used to produce in chloroplasts?
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ATP (without NADPH production). Generates extra ATP when more is needed than NADPH.
ATP (without NADPH production). Generates extra ATP when more is needed than NADPH.
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What is the name of the pathway describing electron flow from PSII to PSI to NADP$^+$?
What is the name of the pathway describing electron flow from PSII to PSI to NADP$^+$?
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Noncyclic (linear) electron flow. Standard pathway from water to NADP$^+$ producing ATP and NADPH.
Noncyclic (linear) electron flow. Standard pathway from water to NADP$^+$ producing ATP and NADPH.
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What are the three direct products of water splitting (photolysis) in chloroplasts?
What are the three direct products of water splitting (photolysis) in chloroplasts?
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Electrons, $H^+$, and $O_2$. Water splitting provides electrons, protons, and releases oxygen gas.
Electrons, $H^+$, and $O_2$. Water splitting provides electrons, protons, and releases oxygen gas.
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What are the two main energy-rich products of the light-dependent reactions?
What are the two main energy-rich products of the light-dependent reactions?
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ATP and NADPH. Energy carriers that power $CO_2$ fixation in the Calvin cycle.
ATP and NADPH. Energy carriers that power $CO_2$ fixation in the Calvin cycle.
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What reduced electron carrier is produced when NADP$^+$ gains electrons and $H^+$?
What reduced electron carrier is produced when NADP$^+$ gains electrons and $H^+$?
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NADPH. Carries electrons and protons to power Calvin cycle reactions.
NADPH. Carries electrons and protons to power Calvin cycle reactions.
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What molecule is the final electron acceptor in the light-dependent reactions?
What molecule is the final electron acceptor in the light-dependent reactions?
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NADP$^+$. Accepts electrons from PSI to become reduced to NADPH.
NADP$^+$. Accepts electrons from PSI to become reduced to NADPH.
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In which direction do protons flow through ATP synthase in chloroplasts?
In which direction do protons flow through ATP synthase in chloroplasts?
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From thylakoid lumen to stroma. Protons flow down their gradient through ATP synthase channels.
From thylakoid lumen to stroma. Protons flow down their gradient through ATP synthase channels.
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