All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What covalent bond forms in the sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acids?
Answer: Phosphodiester bond. Connects phosphate to sugar creating the DNA/RNA backbone.
Flashcard 2: Identify the correct statement about bonds in macromolecules: covalent or ionic?
Answer: Monomers in polymers are primarily linked by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds provide stability to polymer structure.
Flashcard 3: What is a polymer in the context of biological macromolecules?
Answer: A large molecule made of many covalently linked monomers. Formed when many monomers link via covalent bonds.
Flashcard 4: Find the correct term: Breaking starch into glucose units during digestion is what process?
Answer: Hydrolysis. Breaks glycosidic bonds to release glucose units.
Flashcard 5: Which reaction type is commonly used in biosynthesis of polymers from monomers?
Answer: Dehydration synthesis. Builds larger molecules from smaller subunits.
Flashcard 6: Identify the polymer formed when many glucose monomers are linked by glycosidic bonds in plants.
Answer: Starch (a polysaccharide). Plant energy storage polymer made from glucose.
Flashcard 7: Identify the polymer formed when many glucose monomers are linked for energy storage in animals.
Answer: Glycogen (a polysaccharide). Animal energy storage polymer with branched structure.
Flashcard 8: Identify the structural polysaccharide formed from glucose monomers in plant cell walls.
Answer: Cellulose. Provides rigid structure to plant cell walls.
Flashcard 9: What is the polymer called when amino acids are linked into a chain?
Answer: Polypeptide (protein when folded and functional). Amino acid chain that folds into functional protein.
Flashcard 10: What is the polymer called when nucleotides are linked into a chain?
Answer: Polynucleotide (nucleic acid strand). Chain of nucleotides forming DNA or RNA.
Flashcard 11: Which directionality describes a nucleic acid strand based on its sugar-phosphate backbone?
Answer: 5′ to 3′ directionality. Direction based on carbon numbering in sugar ring.
Flashcard 12: Which parts of an amino acid remain after peptide bond formation to form the polypeptide backbone?
Answer: The repeating N–C backbone (amino and carboxyl groups). Forms the repeating structural framework of proteins.
Flashcard 13: Which part of an amino acid varies and gives proteins different chemical properties?
Answer: The side chain (R group). Determines protein function and chemical properties.
Flashcard 14: What is the immediate product when glycerol bonds with three fatty acids via dehydration synthesis?
Answer: A triglyceride (triacylglycerol). Three ester bonds link glycerol to fatty acids.
Flashcard 15: What is the main structural difference between triglycerides and phospholipids?
Answer: Phospholipids have a phosphate group replacing one fatty acid. Creates amphipathic molecules for membranes.
Flashcard 16: Which reaction forms a disaccharide from two monosaccharides?
Answer: Dehydration synthesis forming a glycosidic bond. Links two sugar molecules removing water.
Flashcard 17: Which reaction breaks a disaccharide into two monosaccharides?
Answer: Hydrolysis breaking a glycosidic bond. Adds water to separate the sugar molecules.
Flashcard 18: Identify the correct statement about bonds in macromolecules: covalent or ionic?
Answer: Monomers in polymers are primarily linked by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds provide stability to polymer structure.
Flashcard 19: Which statement best describes what happens to electrons when covalent bonds form in polymers?
Answer: Atoms share electrons to create stable covalent bonds. Electron sharing creates stable molecular bonds.
Flashcard 20: Choose the word that completes the statement: Hydrolysis is the of dehydration synthesis.
Answer: Reverse. Opposite processes that build and break polymers.
Flashcard 21: Identify the correct reactants and products: monomer + monomer → polymer link + ?
Answer: Water (H2O) is produced. Dehydration synthesis removes water during polymer formation.
Flashcard 22: What molecule is consumed when a covalent bond in a polymer is broken by hydrolysis?
Answer: Water (H2O). Water splits to provide H and OH to break the bond.
Flashcard 23: What molecule is released when two monomers join during dehydration synthesis?
Answer: Water (H2O). Formed when H from one monomer joins OH from another.
Flashcard 24: Identify the correct reactants and products: polymer link + H2O → ?
Answer: Two smaller molecules (monomers) are produced. Hydrolysis breaks polymer bonds using water.
Flashcard 25: Which bond is broken when a polypeptide is digested into amino acids?
Answer: Peptide bond. Hydrolysis breaks the bonds linking amino acids.
Flashcard 26: Which bond is broken when a polysaccharide is digested into monosaccharides?
Answer: Glycosidic bond. Hydrolysis breaks sugar linkages in carbohydrates.
Flashcard 27: What is the name of the reaction that breaks a polymer into monomers by adding water?
Answer: Hydrolysis. Adds H2O to break bonds between monomers.
Flashcard 28: Which type of chemical reaction links monomers by removing water to build a macromolecule?
Answer: Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction). Removes H2O between monomers to form covalent bonds.
Flashcard 29: Which bond is broken when DNA is hydrolyzed into nucleotides along the backbone?
Answer: Phosphodiester bond. Breaks the sugar-phosphate backbone connections.
Flashcard 30: Find the correct term: Building a protein from amino acids is an example of what process?
Answer: Dehydration synthesis (polymerization). Links monomers through dehydration synthesis reactions.