Describe Translation and Protein Assembly - Biology
Card 1 of 30
What is wobble base pairing?
What is wobble base pairing?
Tap to reveal answer
Flexible pairing at the third codon position allowing one tRNA to read multiple codons. Explains how fewer tRNAs can read all 61 codons.
Flexible pairing at the third codon position allowing one tRNA to read multiple codons. Explains how fewer tRNAs can read all 61 codons.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the stop codon among these options: AUG, UGA, UGG.
Identify the stop codon among these options: AUG, UGA, UGG.
Tap to reveal answer
UGA. UGA is one of three universal stop codons.
UGA. UGA is one of three universal stop codons.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which option is the correct direction for ribosome movement: $3'\to^5'$ or $5'\to^3'$?
Which option is the correct direction for ribosome movement: $3'\to^5'$ or $5'\to^3'$?
Tap to reveal answer
$5'\to^3'$. Ribosome reads mRNA template in this standard direction.
$5'\to^3'$. Ribosome reads mRNA template in this standard direction.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the correct anticodon for the mRNA codon $5'\text{-GGC-}3'$ (write $3'\text{-}...\text{-}5'$).
Identify the correct anticodon for the mRNA codon $5'\text{-GGC-}3'$ (write $3'\text{-}...\text{-}5'$).
Tap to reveal answer
$3'\text{-CCG-}5'$. G pairs with C in complementary base pairing.
$3'\text{-CCG-}5'$. G pairs with C in complementary base pairing.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the correct anticodon for the mRNA codon $5'\text{-UUU-}3'$ (write $3'\text{-}...\text{-}5'$).
Identify the correct anticodon for the mRNA codon $5'\text{-UUU-}3'$ (write $3'\text{-}...\text{-}5'$).
Tap to reveal answer
$3'\text{-AAA-}5'$. U pairs with A following standard base pairing rules.
$3'\text{-AAA-}5'$. U pairs with A following standard base pairing rules.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is translation in gene expression?
What is translation in gene expression?
Tap to reveal answer
Protein synthesis from an mRNA template at a ribosome. Converts mRNA genetic code into functional protein sequences.
Protein synthesis from an mRNA template at a ribosome. Converts mRNA genetic code into functional protein sequences.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What are the three stop codons in mRNA?
What are the three stop codons in mRNA?
Tap to reveal answer
UAA, UAG, UGA. Three nonsense codons that terminate protein synthesis.
UAA, UAG, UGA. Three nonsense codons that terminate protein synthesis.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the stop codon among these options: AUG, UGA, UGG.
Identify the stop codon among these options: AUG, UGA, UGG.
Tap to reveal answer
UGA. UGA is one of three universal stop codons.
UGA. UGA is one of three universal stop codons.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the start codon among these options: UAA, AUG, UAG.
Identify the start codon among these options: UAA, AUG, UAG.
Tap to reveal answer
AUG. AUG is the universal initiation codon for protein synthesis.
AUG. AUG is the universal initiation codon for protein synthesis.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which option is the correct direction of polypeptide growth: C→N or N→C?
Which option is the correct direction of polypeptide growth: C→N or N→C?
Tap to reveal answer
N→C. Amino acids add to carboxyl end of growing chain.
N→C. Amino acids add to carboxyl end of growing chain.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the correct statement: Stop codons code amino acids, or stop codons recruit release factors.
Identify the correct statement: Stop codons code amino acids, or stop codons recruit release factors.
Tap to reveal answer
Stop codons recruit release factors. Stop codons signal termination, not amino acid incorporation.
Stop codons recruit release factors. Stop codons signal termination, not amino acid incorporation.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which option correctly describes tRNA charging: ribosome attaches amino acids, or aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase attaches amino acids?
Which option correctly describes tRNA charging: ribosome attaches amino acids, or aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase attaches amino acids?
Tap to reveal answer
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase attaches amino acids. Specific enzymes ensure accuracy in amino acid attachment.
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase attaches amino acids. Specific enzymes ensure accuracy in amino acid attachment.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Identify the correct anticodon for the mRNA codon $5'\text{-AUG-}3'$ (write $3'\text{-}...\text{-}5'$).
Identify the correct anticodon for the mRNA codon $5'\text{-AUG-}3'$ (write $3'\text{-}...\text{-}5'$).
Tap to reveal answer
$3'\text{-UAC-}5'$. Anticodons pair with codons in antiparallel, complementary fashion.
$3'\text{-UAC-}5'$. Anticodons pair with codons in antiparallel, complementary fashion.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is a codon chart used for?
What is a codon chart used for?
Tap to reveal answer
To determine the amino acid specified by an mRNA codon. Reference tool that decodes mRNA sequences into amino acids.
To determine the amino acid specified by an mRNA codon. Reference tool that decodes mRNA sequences into amino acids.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP)?
What is the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP)?
Tap to reveal answer
Binds signal peptide and directs ribosome to the rough ER. Recognizes signal sequences and guides ribosome to ER.
Binds signal peptide and directs ribosome to the rough ER. Recognizes signal sequences and guides ribosome to ER.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is a signal peptide in protein targeting?
What is a signal peptide in protein targeting?
Tap to reveal answer
An N-terminal amino acid sequence that directs a protein to a destination. Molecular zip code that directs protein to correct location.
An N-terminal amino acid sequence that directs a protein to a destination. Molecular zip code that directs protein to correct location.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What type of proteins are typically made on free ribosomes?
What type of proteins are typically made on free ribosomes?
Tap to reveal answer
Proteins that function in the cytosol or certain organelles. Lack targeting signals so remain in cytoplasmic location.
Proteins that function in the cytosol or certain organelles. Lack targeting signals so remain in cytoplasmic location.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What type of proteins are typically made on rough ER-bound ribosomes?
What type of proteins are typically made on rough ER-bound ribosomes?
Tap to reveal answer
Secreted, membrane, or lysosomal proteins. Signal sequences direct these proteins to ER during synthesis.
Secreted, membrane, or lysosomal proteins. Signal sequences direct these proteins to ER during synthesis.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which cellular location is typical for translation in prokaryotes?
Which cellular location is typical for translation in prokaryotes?
Tap to reveal answer
Cytosol (often coupled to transcription). No nuclear separation allows immediate translation of mRNA.
Cytosol (often coupled to transcription). No nuclear separation allows immediate translation of mRNA.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the maximum number of codons in an mRNA region that is $90$ nucleotides long?
What is the maximum number of codons in an mRNA region that is $90$ nucleotides long?
Tap to reveal answer
$30$ codons. Three nucleotides form one codon; $90 ÷ 3 = 30$.
$30$ codons. Three nucleotides form one codon; $90 ÷ 3 = 30$.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the maximum number of amino acids in a peptide translated from an mRNA of $300$ nucleotides (ignore UTRs)?
What is the maximum number of amino acids in a peptide translated from an mRNA of $300$ nucleotides (ignore UTRs)?
Tap to reveal answer
$100$ amino acids. Each codon specifies one amino acid; $300 ÷ 3 = 100$.
$100$ amino acids. Each codon specifies one amino acid; $300 ÷ 3 = 100$.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the key difference between free ribosomes and rough ER-bound ribosomes?
What is the key difference between free ribosomes and rough ER-bound ribosomes?
Tap to reveal answer
They are identical; location determines protein destination. Ribosome location, not structure, determines protein destination.
They are identical; location determines protein destination. Ribosome location, not structure, determines protein destination.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which ribosomal site first binds the initiator tRNA during initiation?
Which ribosomal site first binds the initiator tRNA during initiation?
Tap to reveal answer
P site. Initial binding site where protein synthesis begins.
P site. Initial binding site where protein synthesis begins.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What are the three ribosomal tRNA binding sites?
What are the three ribosomal tRNA binding sites?
Tap to reveal answer
A site, P site, E site. Sequential sites where tRNAs move during translation cycle.
A site, P site, E site. Sequential sites where tRNAs move during translation cycle.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What happens at the A site of the ribosome?
What happens at the A site of the ribosome?
Tap to reveal answer
Incoming aminoacyl-tRNA binds the next codon. Entry point for new amino acids during protein elongation.
Incoming aminoacyl-tRNA binds the next codon. Entry point for new amino acids during protein elongation.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What happens at the P site of the ribosome?
What happens at the P site of the ribosome?
Tap to reveal answer
tRNA holds the growing polypeptide chain. Central position where the growing protein chain is held.
tRNA holds the growing polypeptide chain. Central position where the growing protein chain is held.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What happens at the E site of the ribosome?
What happens at the E site of the ribosome?
Tap to reveal answer
Deacylated tRNA exits the ribosome. Final position before tRNA leaves the ribosome completely.
Deacylated tRNA exits the ribosome. Final position before tRNA leaves the ribosome completely.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What bond links amino acids together during translation?
What bond links amino acids together during translation?
Tap to reveal answer
Peptide bond. Covalent bond that creates the protein backbone structure.
Peptide bond. Covalent bond that creates the protein backbone structure.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What ribosomal activity catalyzes peptide bond formation?
What ribosomal activity catalyzes peptide bond formation?
Tap to reveal answer
Peptidyl transferase activity of rRNA (a ribozyme). Ribosomal RNA acts as enzyme to form protein bonds.
Peptidyl transferase activity of rRNA (a ribozyme). Ribosomal RNA acts as enzyme to form protein bonds.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
In what direction does the ribosome move along the mRNA?
In what direction does the ribosome move along the mRNA?
Tap to reveal answer
From $5'$ to $3'$. Directional movement ensures proper codon reading sequence.
From $5'$ to $3'$. Directional movement ensures proper codon reading sequence.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →