Describe Sugar to Macromolecule Synthesis - Biology
Card 1 of 30
What $2$-carbon molecule is formed from pyruvate before entering the citric acid cycle?
What $2$-carbon molecule is formed from pyruvate before entering the citric acid cycle?
Tap to reveal answer
Acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate loses $CO_2$ and combines with coenzyme A.
Acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate loses $CO_2$ and combines with coenzyme A.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which monosaccharide is commonly polymerized to form starch, glycogen, and cellulose?
Which monosaccharide is commonly polymerized to form starch, glycogen, and cellulose?
Tap to reveal answer
Glucose. This $6$-carbon sugar is the most common polysaccharide monomer.
Glucose. This $6$-carbon sugar is the most common polysaccharide monomer.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the name of the bond formed when nucleotides join to extend a nucleic acid strand?
What is the name of the bond formed when nucleotides join to extend a nucleic acid strand?
Tap to reveal answer
Phosphodiester bond. These bonds link phosphate to sugar in nucleic acid backbones.
Phosphodiester bond. These bonds link phosphate to sugar in nucleic acid backbones.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which pentose sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?
Which pentose sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?
Tap to reveal answer
Ribose. This $5$-carbon sugar has hydroxyl groups on carbons $2$ and $3$.
Ribose. This $5$-carbon sugar has hydroxyl groups on carbons $2$ and $3$.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What type of reaction links monomers to form polymers by removing water?
What type of reaction links monomers to form polymers by removing water?
Tap to reveal answer
Dehydration (condensation) reaction. Water removal creates covalent bonds between monomers.
Dehydration (condensation) reaction. Water removal creates covalent bonds between monomers.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What type of reaction breaks polymers into monomers by adding water?
What type of reaction breaks polymers into monomers by adding water?
Tap to reveal answer
Hydrolysis. Water addition breaks covalent bonds in polymers.
Hydrolysis. Water addition breaks covalent bonds in polymers.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which macromolecule is synthesized directly by linking monosaccharides together?
Which macromolecule is synthesized directly by linking monosaccharides together?
Tap to reveal answer
Polysaccharides (carbohydrates). Sugar monomers link together to form complex carbohydrates.
Polysaccharides (carbohydrates). Sugar monomers link together to form complex carbohydrates.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What bond type links monosaccharides during polysaccharide synthesis?
What bond type links monosaccharides during polysaccharide synthesis?
Tap to reveal answer
Glycosidic bond. This covalent bond forms between sugar hydroxyl groups.
Glycosidic bond. This covalent bond forms between sugar hydroxyl groups.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which monosaccharide is commonly polymerized to form starch, glycogen, and cellulose?
Which monosaccharide is commonly polymerized to form starch, glycogen, and cellulose?
Tap to reveal answer
Glucose. This $6$-carbon sugar is the most common polysaccharide monomer.
Glucose. This $6$-carbon sugar is the most common polysaccharide monomer.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What are the building blocks (monomers) used to synthesize proteins from carbon skeletons?
What are the building blocks (monomers) used to synthesize proteins from carbon skeletons?
Tap to reveal answer
Amino acids. These molecules contain carbon skeletons plus amino groups.
Amino acids. These molecules contain carbon skeletons plus amino groups.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What bond links amino acids during protein synthesis?
What bond links amino acids during protein synthesis?
Tap to reveal answer
Peptide bond. This covalent bond links amino acids in protein chains.
Peptide bond. This covalent bond links amino acids in protein chains.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the $3$-carbon end product of glycolysis that serves as a key carbon skeleton?
What is the $3$-carbon end product of glycolysis that serves as a key carbon skeleton?
Tap to reveal answer
Pyruvate. This molecule can be converted into many different biomolecules.
Pyruvate. This molecule can be converted into many different biomolecules.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which elements must be added to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid?
Which elements must be added to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid?
Tap to reveal answer
Nitrogen (and often sulfur) in addition to C, H, and O. Additional atoms beyond carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are required.
Nitrogen (and often sulfur) in addition to C, H, and O. Additional atoms beyond carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are required.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What process adds an amino group to a carbon skeleton to help form amino acids?
What process adds an amino group to a carbon skeleton to help form amino acids?
Tap to reveal answer
Amination (nitrogen assimilation into carbon skeletons). This process incorporates nitrogen into organic molecules.
Amination (nitrogen assimilation into carbon skeletons). This process incorporates nitrogen into organic molecules.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the primary inorganic nitrogen source plants assimilate to build amino acids?
What is the primary inorganic nitrogen source plants assimilate to build amino acids?
Tap to reveal answer
Nitrate ($NO_3^-$) (often reduced to ammonium before incorporation). Plants reduce this compound to incorporate nitrogen into amino acids.
Nitrate ($NO_3^-$) (often reduced to ammonium before incorporation). Plants reduce this compound to incorporate nitrogen into amino acids.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the immediate nitrogen form commonly incorporated into amino acids in cells?
What is the immediate nitrogen form commonly incorporated into amino acids in cells?
Tap to reveal answer
Ammonium ($NH_4^+$). This reduced nitrogen form directly enters amino acid synthesis.
Ammonium ($NH_4^+$). This reduced nitrogen form directly enters amino acid synthesis.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which cycle generates many carbon skeleton intermediates used in biosynthesis?
Which cycle generates many carbon skeleton intermediates used in biosynthesis?
Tap to reveal answer
Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). This cycle produces multiple carbon compounds for biosynthesis.
Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). This cycle produces multiple carbon compounds for biosynthesis.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which macromolecule class requires nitrogenous bases, a sugar, and phosphate groups?
Which macromolecule class requires nitrogenous bases, a sugar, and phosphate groups?
Tap to reveal answer
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These polymers require sugar, nitrogen, and phosphorus components.
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These polymers require sugar, nitrogen, and phosphorus components.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What are the monomers used to synthesize nucleic acids from sugars?
What are the monomers used to synthesize nucleic acids from sugars?
Tap to reveal answer
Nucleotides. These building blocks contain sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
Nucleotides. These building blocks contain sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the name of the metabolic pathway that splits glucose into two $3$-carbon molecules?
What is the name of the metabolic pathway that splits glucose into two $3$-carbon molecules?
Tap to reveal answer
Glycolysis. This pathway breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules.
Glycolysis. This pathway breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which process breaks sugars into smaller carbon skeletons that can be rebuilt into biomolecules?
Which process breaks sugars into smaller carbon skeletons that can be rebuilt into biomolecules?
Tap to reveal answer
Cellular respiration (glycolysis and the citric acid cycle). These pathways break glucose into reusable carbon building blocks.
Cellular respiration (glycolysis and the citric acid cycle). These pathways break glucose into reusable carbon building blocks.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which process directly produces sugars that can be used to synthesize carbon-based molecules?
Which process directly produces sugars that can be used to synthesize carbon-based molecules?
Tap to reveal answer
Photosynthesis (Calvin cycle sugar production). The Calvin cycle fixes $CO_2$ into glucose and other sugars.
Photosynthesis (Calvin cycle sugar production). The Calvin cycle fixes $CO_2$ into glucose and other sugars.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is a carbon skeleton in metabolism?
What is a carbon skeleton in metabolism?
Tap to reveal answer
A chain or ring of carbon atoms that forms the backbone of an organic molecule. The structural framework provides attachment points for functional groups.
A chain or ring of carbon atoms that forms the backbone of an organic molecule. The structural framework provides attachment points for functional groups.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What bond links nucleotides together in a nucleic acid polymer?
What bond links nucleotides together in a nucleic acid polymer?
Tap to reveal answer
Phosphodiester bond. This bond connects sugar and phosphate groups between nucleotides.
Phosphodiester bond. This bond connects sugar and phosphate groups between nucleotides.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which pentose sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?
Which pentose sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?
Tap to reveal answer
Ribose. This $5$-carbon sugar has hydroxyl groups on carbons $2$ and $3$.
Ribose. This $5$-carbon sugar has hydroxyl groups on carbons $2$ and $3$.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which pentose sugar is found in DNA nucleotides?
Which pentose sugar is found in DNA nucleotides?
Tap to reveal answer
Deoxyribose. This sugar lacks a hydroxyl group on carbon $2$.
Deoxyribose. This sugar lacks a hydroxyl group on carbon $2$.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which macromolecule class is synthesized by assembling fatty acids and glycerol?
Which macromolecule class is synthesized by assembling fatty acids and glycerol?
Tap to reveal answer
Lipids (for example, triglycerides and phospholipids). These molecules are built from sugar-derived glycerol and fatty acids.
Lipids (for example, triglycerides and phospholipids). These molecules are built from sugar-derived glycerol and fatty acids.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What is the $3$-carbon alcohol backbone used to build triglycerides from sugar-derived carbon?
What is the $3$-carbon alcohol backbone used to build triglycerides from sugar-derived carbon?
Tap to reveal answer
Glycerol. This molecule can be derived from sugar metabolism.
Glycerol. This molecule can be derived from sugar metabolism.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
What type of bond forms when a fatty acid attaches to glycerol during triglyceride synthesis?
What type of bond forms when a fatty acid attaches to glycerol during triglyceride synthesis?
Tap to reveal answer
Ester linkage (ester bond). This bond forms when carboxyl groups react with hydroxyl groups.
Ester linkage (ester bond). This bond forms when carboxyl groups react with hydroxyl groups.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Which sugar-derived molecule commonly provides $2$-carbon units for fatty acid synthesis?
Which sugar-derived molecule commonly provides $2$-carbon units for fatty acid synthesis?
Tap to reveal answer
Acetyl-CoA. This molecule provides carbon units for fatty acid chain elongation.
Acetyl-CoA. This molecule provides carbon units for fatty acid chain elongation.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →