Describe Mitosis Stages - Biology
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What must occur at kinetochores before anaphase begins?
What must occur at kinetochores before anaphase begins?
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Each sister chromatid must be attached to opposite spindle poles. Ensures equal chromosome distribution through bipolar attachment.
Each sister chromatid must be attached to opposite spindle poles. Ensures equal chromosome distribution through bipolar attachment.
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What happens to the nuclear envelope during prometaphase?
What happens to the nuclear envelope during prometaphase?
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It breaks down. Nuclear barrier dissolves to allow spindle access to chromosomes.
It breaks down. Nuclear barrier dissolves to allow spindle access to chromosomes.
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What is mitosis?
What is mitosis?
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Nuclear division that produces two genetically identical nuclei. Ensures genetic material is equally distributed to daughter cells.
Nuclear division that produces two genetically identical nuclei. Ensures genetic material is equally distributed to daughter cells.
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What is the correct order of mitosis stages (excluding interphase and cytokinesis)?
What is the correct order of mitosis stages (excluding interphase and cytokinesis)?
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Standard sequence of nuclear division stages.
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Standard sequence of nuclear division stages.
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What is the main event of prophase in mitosis?
What is the main event of prophase in mitosis?
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Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes. DNA-protein complex becomes compact and visible under microscope.
Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes. DNA-protein complex becomes compact and visible under microscope.
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What happens to the nucleolus during prophase?
What happens to the nucleolus during prophase?
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It disappears. Ribosome assembly site dissolves as nuclear organization changes.
It disappears. Ribosome assembly site dissolves as nuclear organization changes.
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What happens to the nuclear envelope during prometaphase?
What happens to the nuclear envelope during prometaphase?
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It breaks down. Nuclear barrier dissolves to allow spindle access to chromosomes.
It breaks down. Nuclear barrier dissolves to allow spindle access to chromosomes.
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What is prometaphase?
What is prometaphase?
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Stage when nuclear envelope breaks and spindle attaches to kinetochores. Transition phase between prophase and metaphase.
Stage when nuclear envelope breaks and spindle attaches to kinetochores. Transition phase between prophase and metaphase.
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What structure forms the mitotic spindle?
What structure forms the mitotic spindle?
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Microtubules. Protein filaments that move chromosomes during division.
Microtubules. Protein filaments that move chromosomes during division.
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What is a centrosome in animal cells during mitosis?
What is a centrosome in animal cells during mitosis?
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Microtubule-organizing center that forms spindle poles. Contains centrioles that organize spindle formation.
Microtubule-organizing center that forms spindle poles. Contains centrioles that organize spindle formation.
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Where do centrosomes move during prophase?
Where do centrosomes move during prophase?
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To opposite poles of the cell. Establishes bipolar spindle apparatus for chromosome separation.
To opposite poles of the cell. Establishes bipolar spindle apparatus for chromosome separation.
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What is a kinetochore?
What is a kinetochore?
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Protein complex on a centromere where spindle microtubules attach. Connection point between chromosome and spindle apparatus.
Protein complex on a centromere where spindle microtubules attach. Connection point between chromosome and spindle apparatus.
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What is the centromere?
What is the centromere?
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Chromosome region that holds sister chromatids together. Attachment site for spindle fibers during chromosome movement.
Chromosome region that holds sister chromatids together. Attachment site for spindle fibers during chromosome movement.
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What are sister chromatids?
What are sister chromatids?
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Two identical copies of a replicated chromosome joined at a centromere. Result of DNA replication in S phase of cell cycle.
Two identical copies of a replicated chromosome joined at a centromere. Result of DNA replication in S phase of cell cycle.
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What is the defining event of metaphase?
What is the defining event of metaphase?
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Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Chromosomes position for equal distribution to daughter cells.
Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Chromosomes position for equal distribution to daughter cells.
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What is the metaphase plate?
What is the metaphase plate?
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Imaginary plane at the cell equator where chromosomes line up. Equatorial alignment ensures balanced chromosome distribution.
Imaginary plane at the cell equator where chromosomes line up. Equatorial alignment ensures balanced chromosome distribution.
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Which mitosis stage has chromosomes most condensed and easiest to count?
Which mitosis stage has chromosomes most condensed and easiest to count?
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Metaphase. Maximum condensation makes chromosomes clearly visible and countable.
Metaphase. Maximum condensation makes chromosomes clearly visible and countable.
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What must occur at kinetochores before anaphase begins?
What must occur at kinetochores before anaphase begins?
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Each sister chromatid must be attached to opposite spindle poles. Ensures equal chromosome distribution through bipolar attachment.
Each sister chromatid must be attached to opposite spindle poles. Ensures equal chromosome distribution through bipolar attachment.
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What is the defining event of anaphase?
What is the defining event of anaphase?
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Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Chromosome copies move to create two identical nuclei.
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Chromosome copies move to create two identical nuclei.
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During anaphase, what does each separated sister chromatid become called?
During anaphase, what does each separated sister chromatid become called?
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A daughter chromosome. Individual chromatid becomes independent chromosome after separation.
A daughter chromosome. Individual chromatid becomes independent chromosome after separation.
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What happens to kinetochore microtubules during anaphase?
What happens to kinetochore microtubules during anaphase?
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They shorten to pull chromosomes toward the poles. Depolymerization creates pulling force on attached chromosomes.
They shorten to pull chromosomes toward the poles. Depolymerization creates pulling force on attached chromosomes.
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What happens to non-kinetochore microtubules during anaphase?
What happens to non-kinetochore microtubules during anaphase?
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They lengthen and push spindle poles apart. Elongation separates spindle poles and stretches the cell.
They lengthen and push spindle poles apart. Elongation separates spindle poles and stretches the cell.
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What is the defining event of telophase?
What is the defining event of telophase?
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Nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes. Chromosomes are enclosed in separate nuclear compartments.
Nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes. Chromosomes are enclosed in separate nuclear compartments.
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What happens to chromosomes during telophase?
What happens to chromosomes during telophase?
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They decondense back into chromatin. Chromosomes return to extended form for gene expression.
They decondense back into chromatin. Chromosomes return to extended form for gene expression.
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What happens to the nucleolus during telophase?
What happens to the nucleolus during telophase?
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It reappears. Ribosome assembly site reforms in new nuclei.
It reappears. Ribosome assembly site reforms in new nuclei.
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What is cytokinesis?
What is cytokinesis?
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Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Physical separation creates two independent cells.
Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Physical separation creates two independent cells.
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In animal cells, what structure forms to begin cytokinesis?
In animal cells, what structure forms to begin cytokinesis?
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A cleavage furrow. Pinching inward divides animal cell cytoplasm.
A cleavage furrow. Pinching inward divides animal cell cytoplasm.
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What forms the contractile ring that creates the cleavage furrow in animal cells?
What forms the contractile ring that creates the cleavage furrow in animal cells?
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Actin and myosin filaments. Contractile proteins create constricting force for cell division.
Actin and myosin filaments. Contractile proteins create constricting force for cell division.
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In plant cells, what structure forms during cytokinesis?
In plant cells, what structure forms during cytokinesis?
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A cell plate. Plant cells build wall rather than pinch to divide.
A cell plate. Plant cells build wall rather than pinch to divide.
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What does the plant cell plate develop into after cytokinesis?
What does the plant cell plate develop into after cytokinesis?
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A new cell wall between the daughter cells. Creates permanent barrier between daughter plant cells.
A new cell wall between the daughter cells. Creates permanent barrier between daughter plant cells.
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